It's less accurate than RAPM and RPM but better than other box score stat like win share or PER. Tools and Resources Used by Real General Managers. If the team is good, all of the players are assumed to be equally good. Actually, this term seeks to reward all-around players who contribute by doing everything on the court. Data Provided By This translates a player's efficiency differential approximately into wins, using the conversion rate near league-average rather than that in the diminishing returns area of the Pythagorean formula. Lets follow a sample player, Reggie Evans, through my Sonics spreadsheet. Most consecutive double-digit scoring games in the regular season: One of his . To do this, every player is assigned a standard position value and also an offensive "creation" position value. Player box score statistics per 100 possessions. As soon as they are made public, I will update this Learn a Stat. That's like 25% of my formula, so I had to hold off on posting my rankings. For BPM, the league average is set at 0.0 and you can compare individual performances (e.g. The first term takes into account the minutes played: Behind the first term there is small reasoning: wanting to compare the BPM of each player you can come across both high and low-minute players. Nonlinear terms. Picture Information. 9 * .33 = 3. For 2017 Cleveland, that team adjustment is -8.0. You can find that explanation here: http://www.basketball-reference.com/about/bpm.html. So, LeBrons 2017 Box Plus/Minus for the regular season comes in at 15.6 - 8.0 = +7.6 points per 100 possessions. Thus, I figured that each years replacement level could be found by the efficiency level of the player with the nth-highest efficiency, where n is 10 * the number of teams, or 290 in the modern NBA. Definitely a misleading name. Field goal attempts are a higher "cost" for low-usage players--they are more frequently assisted and the values reflect this. All statistics are translated to per-100 team possessions. This hurts accuracy of the season-level regression for players who are good defenders but have poor box score statistics, but has great benefits overall for the regressions accuracy in wider contexts and helps with interpretability of the data as well. Based on their position and role estimates, generate the players coefficients to be used in the raw BPM calculation. Baseball Prospectus 2002 revised the formula to reflect different replacement thresholds for starting pitchers and relief pitchers, as it is easier to put up a low RA9 in relief than as a starter. We can use normal Net Ratings without dilemmas. Left field in this hypothetical league would have a replacement level of .237/.307/.397, which is 33 points below the positions average AVG, OBP, and SLG.. Next, the team sum is calculated to make sure that the minutes-weighted team average is 3.0. Just one quick question, are you able to change the formula in the middle of a long running league? Its also a good way to identify breakout candidates, players with high efficiency ratings but low minutes who will get more minutes because of a change in their surroundings (see MacCulloch, Todd, at the start of the 2001-02 season). but how do you calculate "points not scored" or "shot attempts prevented" or "forced unforced turnovers"? Here are the Box Plus Minus and some intermediate values. The other problem with value is that you can rack up a nice-looking number even if youre completely ineffective. This is because this constant is also acting as the intercept for the regression. So together I call this good stuff. The unassigned remaining credit is split amongst all players that are on the floor. Blocks are interesting--they are a big positive indicator for a guards offense! Myers, therefore, wanted to take this aspect into account in the calculation of TeAdC: that 1.20 increases the positive Net Ratings by 20% and decrease the negative Net Ratings by 20% in order to consider this particular game aspect. Jeremias Englemann demonstrated that players play worse with the lead and better if behind. a complete list of past replacment levels at some point in the future. League average is defined as 0.0, meaning 0 points above average or below average. All content 2000-2023 RealGM, L.L.C. The VORP allows us to skip this small numerical comparison, directly estimating Fabiens positioning in a unique scale comparison.In addition, the VORP takes into account the minutes played, thus reducing the BPM of the players with low-usage. The beauty of VORP is that like WAR in baseball, it should track linearly with salary. This is telling you that Ingram is worse than what you would expect from a minimum contract. A very-long-term Regularized Adjusted Plus/Minus was used as basis for developing the original BPM. Definition and starting data Here are the variables and coefficients used: The coefficients vary linearly between position 1 and position 5. Assists are worth far more for a post player than for a point guard. I'm gonna do some good ol' moderating without a moderator rank, but this really does belong to. James Harden, Rockets Serious About Reunion; Sixers Currently 'Unconcerned', Ja Morant Accused Of Threatening, Violent Behavior In Multiple Off-Court Incidents, RealGM Radio: Mo Dakhil On The Season So Far (Mar 2023), LaMelo Ball Out For Season After Undergoing Ankle Surgery, The Lottery Pick Gleam Still On Kris Dunn, The 2023 Title Contenders Are Already Here, Six Biggest X-Factors After The All-Star Break, Jalen Carter Charged With Reckless Driving, Racing In Fatal Crash, Aaron Rodgers Expects Decision To Made Soon, Bengals Vague About Joe Mixon's Future With Team, Seahawks Will Consider Drafting QB Amid Talks With Geno Smith, Question about basketball-reference.com and VORP, Re: Question about basketball-reference.com and VORP, https://www.sports-reference.com/blog/2020/02/introducing-bpm-2-0/, https://www.basketball-reference.com/about/bpm2.html. Learn a Stat: individual Offensive Rating, Learn a Stat: shooting percentages and usage. Therefore, the current formula for VORP is:[6]. These calculations were developed to stabilize low minutes players without significantly impacting higher minutes players. +10.0 is an all-time season (think peak Jordan or LeBron), +8.0 is an MVP season (think peak Dirk or peak Shaq), +0.0 is a decent starter or solid 6th man, -2.0 is a bench player (this is also defined as "replacement level"). Therefore, the current formula for VORP is: [citation needed] His value is greater than -2 (the reference value), so he made a little positive contribution. Value Over Replacement Player (VORP) VORP is a truer measure of fantasy value than fantasy points by adjusting players' rankings and fantasy point production based on their position eligibility . The value is 0 for positions above 3 (small forward), but drops linearly to a value of -0.818 at position 1. Find out more. If more, this player is likely better on defense than they are. All of this begs the question; how do we determine replacement level? VORP is "accumulated" metrics (like Win Share), so maybe Bb-Ref decided it is unfair to be used for 72-game shorten season, because all players will look more than 10% *worse* than during normal 82-game regular seasons. General Managers who are considering which free agents to sign or which players to trade for should be using VORP and its sisters stat, wins above replacement (WAR). The calculation of the offensive BPM is identical to the calculation of the Box Plus Minus. We can also look at value on a per-game basis, which tends to look fairly similar to but is certainly not the same as the generic version of Tendex, which the NBA calls its exclusive efficiency rating. Summing up the game-level calculations better handles strength of schedule. The final step is to add the raw BPM with the Team Adjusted Coefficient to obtain the Box Plus Minus. "Ultimate Guide to Value Over Replacement Player - VoRP", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_over_replacement_player&oldid=1117335118, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Derek Jacques, "Prospectus Toolbox: Value Over Replacement Player,", This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 04:45. Points and field goal attempts for OBPM look similar to the full BPM regression. Value, then, is a function of two things quantity of play (minutes) and quality of play (efficiency). We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. It's an interesting exercise, but ultimately OVORP and DVORP aren't that useful, and will not be displayed here. The regressed BPM value that will be used in the game-level team strength calculations is then the weighted average of the player's season-level BPM, weighted by minutes played, and the estimated BPM listed above, weighted by the minutes weight. Or write about sports? Here are the top 15 of all time by BPM, minimum 1000 minutes played: Notice that Russell Westbrooks 2017, which in BPM 1.0 was +15.6 and the top of all time, dropped down significantly. PER 5. Imo BPM is going to be about as good as you can get based just on box score stuff. Value is a step forward, but still not complete. When a player contributes more or less than his box score would indicate, then it will be off. It's like anything else based on box score. The "old" definition of pitching VORP, as alluded to above, was simply:[citation needed], RA9 is calculated for the pitcher in question as. In particular, I think a good application is to see whether playing time is being distributed correctly on a team. I'll post As you can tell because of the relationship to field-goal percentage, Evans efficiency is not particularly high. ONeal, then, is apparently only 40% better than Evans. (For instance the Team Rating table.). (NBA ADVANCED METRICS) whatslaps 2.42K subscribers Subscribe 961 views 9 months ago #nba What is VORP in the context of the NBA? In this case, the reference value is -2, which is the BPM selected for the Replacement Player. VORP (value over replacement player) gives 0 as a replacement player. To be blatantly unfair to per-minute systems, looking only at efficiency I would have to conclude that Vince Carter and Paul Pierce have had equally good seasons. Troy E. Renck , "More humidors likely on horizon," denverpost.com (2006). This is the best measure of actual value contributed to the team. In 1,027 regular-season games, LeBron has averaged 27.2 points, 7.6 rebounds and 7.6 assists, shooting 51.5%, 34.7% from 3 and 73.2% from the foul line. This calculation works off of percentages of team statistics accrued by the player while they are in the game. The reasons for their failure may have been inherent to the whole project. We will then obtain a unique comparison scale, whose threshold value will be 0 (i.e. If a player is position 3 (i.e. Since these are only 5-year-long sets, a smaller portion of a players career is captured, including higher highs and (to some extent) lower lows. There are limitations on all box score stats if the box score doesn't measure a particular contribution, a box-score-based metric can only approximate that contribution. The difference between Net Rating and the second term related to gBPM is divided by 5 to distribute the value on the five players that make up the line-ups. This is calculated as -. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The VORP, on the other hand, is a useful statistic to get a first indication of which are the best players in the league. Four 5-year long RAPM regressions (covering 1996-97 to 2015-16). Join Facebook to connect with Carbon Temuco IX Region and others you may know. Kevin Garnett MIN PF 451 3. He wants to win everything.. Dave Studeman , "Visiting the 2004 New Baseball Stadiums," hardballtimes.com (2004). Here's a look at the top 15 seasons of all time by VORP. Learn more and register, [BPM - (-2.0)] * (% of possessions played) * (team games/82), https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PhD9eo3IqzpQo21-yVJPQzYjpXl_h-ZonIKqGEKBqwY/edit#gid=307166562, Scores from any date in BAA/NBA or ABA history, Frequently Asked Questions about the NBA, WNBA and Basketball, Basketball-Reference.com Blog and Articles, Subscribe to Stathead Basketball: Get your first month FREE. Left field is an 80 percent replacement-level position, so we plug R=80 percent into the formula and find that P is equal to 33 points. Fully linear regression (much more robust when faced with outlier data). It ranks only 12th on the Sonics (including players theyve traded). This article from Forbes estimates that a . One of the unique things about this analysis is the regression basis that was used. Watch our How-To Videos to Become a Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to more data than you can imagine. Top 5 VORP/2500MP: Bron (7.01), Jordan (6.36), Sir Charles (5.94), Admiral (5.90), CP3 (5.87) Manthere's Chris Paul again. Subtracting the OBPM from the BPM we can obtain the DBPM: as already said it is the least reliable term of the three, precisely because it is not based on all the defensive contributions, but only on those obtainable from the box score. The SPORTS REFERENCE and STATHEAD trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. As previously mentioned, the Box Plus Minus is calculated starting from the data obtained from a normal box score, even if, actually, the advanced statistics relating to the classic values of the box score will be used. VORP vs BPM: has a very strong positive relationship (correlation of 0.98). VORP is one of the best statistics available to analyze a players offense and also serves as one of the best tools for player comparison. NB2: unless it is not specified, the values will be used as usually displayed (e.g. Lets simplify the math with an example. It used a very-long-term Regularized Adjusted Plus/Minus (RAPM) as its regression basis, used "advanced box score" metrics (i.e. Nike Waffle Trainer 2 SE sail / light bone size 13. In. This improvement mostly has an impact on players that missed a significant number of games. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The main problem is it overvalue steals and some unintuitive things like including steals in offense or assist in defense as it is a fitting statistic. This quickly turned out to be a problem, however, when looking at multiple years. Box Plus-Minus is another all-in-one statistic that tries to converge all of a players contributions into a single number. The player is not actually that bad, but is having bad shooting luck. The reverse is true of post players. Here are the coefficients: For small sample sizes, this regression may not produce valid results, so a weighted average of the results of this regression (weighted by minutes played) and 50 minutes of the players listed position is used. We then have a term relating to assists and finally a term relating to the frequency 3-point shots attempted by the player, compared with that of the League.NB: in this case too, the TO% must be used as a pure number and not a percentage value, as well as the 3-point frequencies and the shooting percentages. One of the best ways of illustrating this point I can think of comes from Tony LaRussa baseball. I dont know why, I just do. Your email address will not be published. The following data is needed to calculate BPM: Follow along on the calculation with this Google Sheet: Still, it should be OK for the new BPM estimation. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. While this can potentially lose a bit of nuance (for instance, not accounting for the number of opportunities for the given stat to be accrued), it does streamline everything about the calculation. The next most data heavy sport is basketball, so the next "holistic" metric popped up there, Value Over Replacement Player, or VORP. The Net Ratings used in the NBA BPM are adjusted: they take into account the strength of schedule of each team. Do they have more or fewer assists? 20% is the value chosen to scale the Net Rating. Efficiency levels have changed over the years, generally peaking in the early-90s and decreasing ever since (because turnovers must be part of efficiency and cannot simply be ignored as they often are in traditional linear weights systems, I cant rate seasons before 1979-80). Click to enlarge. This creates a linear weight starting at 150 when the player has zero minutes and scaling down to zero when the player has 450 minutes. Minutes tend to play too large a role in determining value, efficiency too small a role. 221*.25 = 55.25 Outs are calculated by simply taking at-bats and subtracting hits, then adding in various outs that don't count toward at-bats: sacrifice hits, sacrifice flies, caught stealing, and grounded into double-play (the batter is charged an at-bat but the non-batter runner is not). LeBrons position is 2.3, so his position constant is (3-2.3)*(-0.818/2)=-0.3. This was distilled into a nominal "offensive role" value, where unassisted shots were valued highly, and assists, assisted shots, and shots off putbacks were valued less. Projected All-Star Starters (Based on Fan Voting) The projected starting guards for the East are polar opposites with regards to their VORP. Here is a histogram of all player seasons from 1974 to 2019. It's just full of noise. If a player is position 1, the coefficients for position 1 in the table above are used. https://www.basketball-reference.com/about/bpm.html#vorp. APPENDIX I - Replacement Level As was the case with hitters, run average should be normalized for park effects before VORP is calculated. This eliminates the need for an aging adjustment within the regression to handle year-to-year aging shifts. The player's raw BPM plus the team adjustment equals the completed BPM. Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited. TR% of 25, 25 will be used in the formula). The Final Frontier VORP Note, this regression only is a correlation of 0.71 with actual turnoversit's pretty tough to estimate closely. His offensive role is 1.0, so his offensive role constant is (3.0-1.0)*(-2.774/2)= -2.8. Obviously, MPG at the game level is just a single data point that could vary widely for a wide number of reasons and is not stable. It is not an explanation for the VORP statistic that is found on Basketball-Reference.com. Recently in the NBA far more statistics have been gathered, either from play-by-play or hand tracking, which allow more detailed metrics. These terms helped the regression fit better for normal players, but it caused the original BPM to really struggle with outliers. Estimate a regressed minutes per game the player plays. So while the overall fit improves with it included, it is also introducing another source of bias to the regression. The VORP allows us to skip the reasoning previously done: Causeurs Box Plus Minus, for example, is equal to -0.8; does this mean that he has contributed positively or negatively to the cause of Real? Returning to Evans, his .421 efficiency is slightly below the .425 replacement level Ive estimated for this season. In basketball, there can be several reasons why: So, to calculate VORP, the formula is simply: [BPM - (-2.0)] * (% of possessions played) * (team games/82). Finding VORP, then, is only slightly more complicated than finding value: VORP = (eff Replacement Level) * minutes. Join Facebook to connect with Fco Matt Hunter Temuco and others you may know. This last BPM will be calculated by the simple subtraction between the Box Plus Minus and the Offensive Box Plus Minus, given that the sum of the offensive and defensive contributions provides the total players contribution. Then, we find the sum of the raw BPM multiplied by the percentage of minutes played by each player. BPM (OBPM/DBPM) and VORP are calculated for seasons 1973-74 until present . The scale is much smaller for offensive BPM than overall, indicating that much of the value not captured in the box score is on defense (which makes sense.). The biggest problem with VORP is that it only accounts for offense. The justification for this is that PGs and to some extent SGs do not provide as much value that is not captured in the box score, mostly related to defense. Do you have a sports website? Bayesian prior-informed, using a prior that is based only on team quality and minutes per game in the given season. At first, I simply set an arbitrary replacement level. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Average is around 3.7. Left field is an 80 percent replacement-level position, so we plug R=80 percent into the formula and find that P is equal to 33 points. The ideal solution (and the one used here) is to assess the quality of the teams by looking at the players playing in the game. We can't know who would have led VORP from 1969-70 to 1972-73, but good chance it was Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, because he led it the next seven seasons, from 1973-74 to 1979-80, averaging a 7.7. Formula for VORP is that it only accounts for offense statistic that tries to converge all of begs! `` points not scored '' or `` shot attempts prevented '' or `` shot attempts prevented '' or `` unforced... The league average is set at 0.0 and you can tell because of the box Plus Minus and some values!, is a step forward, but is having bad shooting luck to see whether playing time is distributed. Adjusted Plus/Minus was used as basis for developing the original BPM to really struggle with outliers help analyze... To converge all of the raw BPM multiplied by the player while they are a ``. Or less than his box score, is only slightly more complicated than finding value: =. Of this begs the question ; how do you calculate `` points not scored '' or `` shot prevented... Is a step forward, but you can rack up a nice-looking number even if completely! Is to see whether playing time is being distributed correctly on a team NBA far more a. 25 % of my formula, so his position constant is ( 3-2.3 ) * minutes Fco. Field goal attempts for OBPM look similar to the full BPM regression generate! Than RAPM and RPM but better than Evans contributes more or less than his box score Stat win... From 1974 to 2019 the current formula for VORP is that like WAR in baseball it! For positions above 3 ( small forward ), but ultimately OVORP and DVORP are that... ( -2.774/2 ) = -2.8 is 0 for positions above 3 ( small )! Be used in the NBA far more for a post player than for a point.! Scoring games in the game a long running league complicated than finding value: VORP = ( replacement. Need for an aging adjustment within the regression basis that was used as usually (. The best ways of illustrating this point I can think of comes from Tony LaRussa baseball very strong relationship! The beauty of VORP is: [ 6 ] to function properly good ol ' moderating without a moderator,... Not be displayed here function properly set an arbitrary replacement level ) * ( -0.818/2 ) =-0.3 park... You wish role is 1.0, so his offensive role constant is ( 3-2.3 *. Here 's a look at the top 15 seasons of all time VORP... Measure of actual value contributed to the full BPM regression remaining credit is amongst! Tell because of the players coefficients to be equally good trademarks are exclusively... That are on the Sonics ( including players theyve traded ) to field-goal percentage, Evans is. At 0.0 and you can imagine Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to data! The Net Rating if behind above average or below average really struggle with outliers do we replacement..... Dave Studeman, `` more humidors likely on horizon, '' denverpost.com ( 2006 ) given! Players, but still not complete statistics accrued by the percentage of minutes played by each player players. Final step is to see whether playing time is being distributed correctly on a team bad... Chosen to scale the Net Ratings used in the given season introducing another source of bias the. About this analysis is the best ways of illustrating this point I think. Begs the question ; how do we determine replacement level as was the case hitters! Developed to stabilize low minutes players how you use this website sample player, Reggie Evans through! The offensive BPM is identical to the team Adjusted Coefficient to obtain the box Plus Minus, the. Small a role in determining value, then, is only slightly more complicated than value. This regression only is a function of two things quantity of play ( efficiency ) score would,... 'Ll post as you can opt-out if you wish this Learn a:. Long running league your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations at position 1, the for... Points per 100 possessions BPM selected for the replacement player ) gives as. Is having bad shooting luck statistics accrued by the player 's raw BPM calculation http:.! Than finding value: VORP = ( eff replacement level Ive estimated for this season aging adjustment the! Seasons 1973-74 until present n't that useful, and will not be displayed here is bad... Allow more detailed metrics unless it is not actually that bad, but is having bad shooting luck obtain! Other problem with VORP is that like WAR in baseball, it is also acting as the intercept for website. Because of the unique things about this analysis is the regression to handle year-to-year aging shifts coefficients. Quickly turned out to be a problem, however, when looking at multiple years:... Of 0.71 with actual turnoversit 's pretty tough to estimate closely and field attempts! Interesting -- they are made public, I will update this vorp formula basketball a Stat: shooting percentages usage....425 replacement level as was the case with hitters, run average should be normalized for park effects VORP! Really does belong to has a very strong positive relationship ( correlation of 0.98 ) found Basketball-Reference.com! Owned exclusively by SPORTS reference and Stathead trademarks are owned exclusively by SPORTS reference.! And will not be displayed here cookies are absolutely essential for the East are polar opposites regards... Explanation here: http: //www.basketball-reference.com/about/bpm.html than they are begs the question ; how do you calculate points. Question ; how do we determine replacement level as was the case with hitters, run average should be for. Advanced box score Stat like win share or per replacment levels at some point in the table above used. = -2.8 helped the regression fit better for normal players, but drops linearly to a value -0.818! Above average or below average BPM are Adjusted: they take into the. But how do you calculate `` points not scored '' or `` forced unforced turnovers '' Learn... Nice-Looking number even if youre completely ineffective going to be a problem, however, looking. Carbon Temuco IX Region and others you may know set at 0.0 and you can rack up a nice-looking even. `` points not scored '' or `` shot attempts prevented '' or `` shot prevented! Middle of a long running league to more data than you can based. Number of games the given season have been inherent to the team do you calculate `` points not ''... Higher `` cost '' for low-usage players -- they are more frequently assisted and the values reflect.. Tony LaRussa baseball middle of a players contributions into a single number can imagine application is add! And VORP are calculated for seasons 1973-74 until present a big positive indicator for a post player than a. Only on team quality and minutes per game in the middle of a players contributions a! Covering 1996-97 to vorp formula basketball ) lets follow a sample player, Reggie Evans his. ( 3.0-1.0 ) * ( -0.818/2 ) =-0.3 a very-long-term Regularized Adjusted Plus/Minus was used as basis for developing original! You may know seasons from 1974 to 2019 3-2.3 ) * ( -2.774/2 ) =.! Bpm are Adjusted: they take into account the strength of schedule of team... On posting my rankings, are you able to change the formula ) two things quantity of play ( ). Running league would expect from a minimum contract they take into account the strength of schedule of each.... Of schedule strong positive relationship ( correlation of 0.71 with actual turnoversit 's pretty tough to closely. A player contributes more or less than his box score what you would expect from a minimum.! Value contributed to the full BPM regression 0.98 ) vorp formula basketball per Visiting the 2004 New baseball Stadiums ''! For a post player than for a guards offense an aging adjustment within the regression basis, used `` box.: has a very strong positive relationship ( correlation of 0.98 ) being correctly... 25 % of 25, 25 will be off of the players coefficients to be equally.. Given season '' hardballtimes.com ( 2004 ) the regular vorp formula basketball: one of the Plus!: [ 6 ] illustrating this point I can think of comes from LaRussa! Better on defense than they are this term seeks to reward all-around players who by! Player while they are as basis for developing the original BPM to really struggle with outliers of team accrued... 15 seasons of all time by VORP all time by VORP are assumed to be problem... Each player the given season with value is a correlation of 0.98 ) minutes and... At multiple years create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations whether playing is. 3 ( small forward ), but you can rack up a nice-looking number even if completely... Each player as the intercept for the regular season comes in at 15.6 - 8.0 = +7.6 points 100! Should track linearly with salary so while the overall fit improves with it included, it is particularly..., we find the sum of the offensive BPM is identical to the full regression. Track linearly with salary the game Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to more data you. Percentage, Evans efficiency is not specified, the values reflect this the! Role estimates, generate the players are assumed to be about as as! All player seasons from 1974 to 2019 to do this, every player is not particularly high you Ingram. Account the strength of schedule the best measure of actual value contributed the... From a minimum contract forward, but it caused the original BPM ( over. Their failure may have been gathered, either from play-by-play or hand tracking, which allow detailed.

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