Since the site was a gathering point, the plaza area was most likely used for other events as well. [6] Although there may be some evidence for contact between the Huastec Culture of the Mexican Gulf Coast and the American Southeast,[7] those claims which suggest the most direct connections are probably unfounded. After enjoying the best things to do in Crystal River, FL, why dont you get to know the struggles of the areas first inhabitants? River Ventures offers you that complete Crystal River experience, from scalloping, boating, paddling, snorkelling, and swimming! Sacred ceramics are found primarily in mounds, while secular ceramics are found primarily in middens and house sites. They probably did not all come at the same time, but for various different events. This tells us that over the 2,000 years that ancient people used the site, burial practices and ceremonies changed. All Rights Reserved. Special thanks to M. Fuller at St. Louis Community College for the excellent photos from the Crystal River Archaeological State Park museum. Bone points were hand crafted through carving to form the desired shape. The southeast side of the Crystal River midden mound was removed for use as road fill in the 1960's. Stone Points were utilized not only in hunting for game but also as weaponry in conflicts with other tribes. The Gulf of Mexico provided a conduit for contact. The ancient people that lived year-round at the Crystal River site faced the same problems of trash disposal as people of today. LISTEN TO AN EXPERT (CENTER) TO LEARN MORE. There are wire ropes on each side of the run to help, but people were really working hard and that was at low tide, when they could touch the bottom. Recommended Hotel Nearby: The Port Hotel and Marina, 2355 S Ripple PathCrystal River, FL 34429(352) 228-8095, Click Here to See Ticket Price of Similar Activity. Many of the people buried in this mound had copper tools and ornaments buried with them. The height of the mound above the people could have provided extra protection for the leaders and served to increase their appearance of power. Federal Recreation Land passes take $5 off admission.). WebPeople travelled from great distances to celebrate events, conduct cultural and practical trade, and bury their dead. Native Americans traveled long distances to the complex to bury their dead and to engage in trading activities. Crystal River Archaeological State Park preserves an ancient Native American ceremonial site located in a beautiful setting overlooking the wide Crystal River.The mounds here are surprisingly impressive, but little is really known about the people who built them starting 2,500 years ago. At this site there were at least four of these large stone stela set up by the people who lived here in ancient times. A National Historic Landmark, this 61-acre, six mound, pre-contact, Native American site has burial mounds, temple platform mounds, a plaza area and a substantial midden. The museum features an array of exhibits, artifacts, furniture and photos of the early history of the west side of Citrus County. The Coastal Heritage Museum is a local history museum located in the old City Hall building at 532 N Citrus Avenue, Crystal River FL. There was another large platform mound built sometime after Temple Mound A, but constructed before 1,200 AD. Best known for discovering ancient Mayan canoes and pyramids in Citrus County, Ozello Boats is a top-rated family-owned airboat tour agency manned by Florida-born captains. By the time of abandonment, the midden area had reached 1,300 feet (400m) in length, 100 feet (30m) in width, 7 feet (2m) in depth, and was formed into a crescent shape. WebThe Crystal River area is internationally acclaimed for scuba diving. Since there are no historical accounts from this period, we have no way of knowing what the people calledthemselves. Instead of a tribal name, archaeologists refer to them as a Weedon Island culture. Outdoorsy wanderers and enthusiasts of eras gone by will find this sleepy little coastal city a worthwhile escape, especially those who seek less crowds, more trees. Web Crystal River Archaeological State Park. Today, birds and fish abound in the coastal marsh. AllTrails Kick Larrabee Head on over to The Peace River to see if you can hunt for fossils in this epic modern-day treasure hunt. Modern history unfolds in downtown Crystal River at the Coastal Heritage Museum. This began to change as the sea levels rose when the ice covering much of the northern continents began to melt. The boardwalk includes an elevated viewing area of the mouth of the spring, where you have an excellent vantage point of Idiots Delight Spring. Two other areas are popular with swim-with-manatee outfitters and kayakers exploring on their own: Early in the manatee season, before any significant chill hit the area, we put in our canoe at Hunter Spring City Park on Thanksgiving Day in the hope of seeing manatees. This 61 acre National Historic Landmark is a six- mound Columbian complex with a burial site, temples and platforms situated on a costal marsh. Sitting on 700 acres of forests and miles of nature trails, Fort Cooper State Park is another site that tells of a dark era in American history. These unique ceremonial objects are most often associated with the Classical Maya, and theirstelae were considered to be invested with holiness and perhaps even to contain a divine, soul-like essence that almost made them living beings. Crystal River Archaeological State Park This ancient archaeological park is home to Native American burial mounds, abandoned temple and platform mounds, and so much more. Swim-with-the-manatee tours can go to different locations. [3] This timespan makes it one of the longest continually occupied sites in Florida, believed to have been occupied for 1,600 years. Some argue that it is better for the animals to remain wild and without close contact with people. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Comfort Suites near Rainbow Springs Dunnellon, 1 SW 1st PlaceCrystal River, FL 34429(352) 601-1963. The numbers of ice age mammals like mastodons, mammoths and saber tooth cats that had been part of the their diet for several thousands of years were beginning to die out. Pottery types in the burial mounds included these and other styles originating from a greater distance away, further validating the idea of the site's regional pilgrimage and ceremonial center status. Crystal River Archeological State Park is one of the educational activities in Crystal River Florida. The museum is open Wednesday through Saturday from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Major attractions include the Crystal River State Archaeological Site, which protects significant indigenous structures, and the Eco-Walk Trail, which offers 11 interpretive stations providing family-oriented natural education. Oysters were a good source of plentiful food growing in the newly emerging estuary. In Crystal River, you see signs for swim with the manatees on nearly every hotel and business. This name means that the clay was tempered with sand (sand was added for stability and durability) and it As they had no method of hauling this material any great distance from their homes, they created a dumping area at the outer edge of their village. Full size is 650 500 pixels Previous image. After the trip, enjoy grilling your days catch with the family. Family Destinations Guide is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. (Some outfitters try to provide a less-crowded experience by offering small-group early-morning tours at 6:15 a.m. for a $90 ticket price. 352-795-3817. The Fish and Wildlife Service have maps that show areas that are off-limits to boats because manatees congregate there, and those maps indicatea half dozen other manatee refuge zones in addition to Three Sisters. CLICK THE IMAGES TO DISCOVER THE FOODS AND ARTIFACTS OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AT CRYSTAL RIVER. WebCrystal River Tour with Manatee Swim and Everglades Airboat Ride 77 Airboat Tours from $148.99 per adult Manatee Snorkel Tour from American Pro Diving Center 79 from $57.21 per adult Crystal River Manatee Swim or Boat Ride from Orlando 22 Bus Tours from $98.99 per adult Swim and Snorkel with Manatees in a Guided Crystal River Tour 32 from $74.11 Yankeetown is not much of a town, but the fascination here is with the location at the end of a road that dead-ends into the Gulf of Mexico north of Crystal River. Also found in the Midden Area are various kinds of woodland animal bones, fish bones, turtle shells, broken pottery, broken hand tools and arrowheads. WebCrystal River Archaeological Museum circa 1965 Inside the museum, exhibits explain the history of the coastal dwellers who used the area in ancient times. As such, the analysis of pottery forms a cornerstone of many archaeological research programs. Copp Winery produces handcrafted wines and brews onsite and offers a wide array of rich flavors to choose from! If youre searching for things to do in Crystal River for couples, head straight to Copp Winery for dinner and exquisite wine tastings in a cozy, rustic setting. Crystal River Preserve State Park is adjacent to the archaeological park. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The museum features an array of exhibits, artifacts, furniture and photos of the early history of the west side of Citrus County. On cold days, you may see dozens of wild manatees. The Chassahowitzka River, better known as the Chaz, is a spectacularly beautiful spot 25 minutes south of Crystal River. You must take a trolley to visit and the ticket is a little pricey. Thanks so much for this information. The park is located two miles (3 km) northwest of the city of Crystal River, on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98. Ready your cameras for wildlife. However, the site was alsooccupied from the Deptford Period through Santa Rosa-Swift Creek Culture and up to the Late Fort Walton Period. The park is located two miles (3km) northwest of the city of Crystal River, on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98. A beautiful view, but no manatees to see here on this day, A Crystal River manatee outside the entrance of Three Sisters Springs. Fall in love with some of the most popular natural attractions in Crystal River as you hike, kayak, paddleboard, and bike the parks seven-mile trails. These Crystal River manatees are within the roped-off sanctuary called Idiots Delight Spring, just outside Three Sisters Spring. In the late 1800s and through the mid 1900s, most of the middens and mounds in Florida were completely removed or reduced in size for building material. The folks at. From paintings, photography, sculptures, pottery, woodwork, and metalwork to jewelry, art supplies, and antiques, this small yet notably top-rated art gallery has it all. The slab is today housed on the site within a metal cage. The highly rated Florida Fishing Adventures is run by locals who know the Crystal Rivers waters by heart. The view is from the boardwalk at the spring. [8], A complex of mounds and middens on Roberts Island, 0.5 kilometres (0.31mi) downstream on the Crystal River from the park, was added to the park in 1996. photos from the sources listed above, as well as publicly posted online sites with thanks to the contributors, Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage, Inc. | Site Design and Management by Runjik Productions, LISTEN TO AN EXPERT The snorkeling tours we observed were supervised and well run, but the number of people and nature of the activity makes this a bit of a chaotic scene. WebTop ways to experience Crystal River Archaeological State Park and nearby attractions Crystal River Inshore Fishing Charter Adventure Tours from $486.87 per group (up to 2) Clear Kayak Tour of Crystal River 587 Recommended Adventure Tours from $75.00 per adult LIKELY TO SELL OUT* Crystal River Manatee Swim in Kings Bay National Wildlife Refuge [4] Two large platform mounds are believed to have been used primarily for ceremonial purposes. The shell and sand ring also contains burials some of which were placed between layers of shells while others were not. At every point, we were ringed by swim-with-the-manatee boats, snorkelers and other kayaks circling around. Large, shallow grass flats formed and provided a home for many different types of saltwater fish. Hunter Spring City Park has parking, rest rooms and picnic tables, as well as a small swimming beach and a good put-in spot for kayaks. These qualities make it especially useful as a tool to understand the lives of people in the past. People travelled from great distances to celebrate events, conduct cultural and practical trade, and bury their dead. Because of kinships and marriage between members of different communities, pottery was often moved around in Florida. Another prominent Florida archaeologist that excavated the Crystal River site was Ripley P. Bullen, who began investigating the site in the early 1950s. 3266 N. Sailboat Ave., Crystal River, FL 34428. Drop by the visitor center to browse exhibits and ask for assistance. The groups were made up of extended family members or clan groups related by blood that were led by the wisest elder or a person who could provide the best leadership for the group. Just like in our communities today, people gather in the town square, city park or other open area for special events. Copyright Law. This tells us that over the 2,000 years ancient people used the site, burial practices and ceremonies changed. WebThe Crystal River site, a large mound complex in west-central Florida, is recognized for its various mounded architecture and expansive artifact assemblage, which includes many items non-local to Florida such as copper, mica, quartz, and more. (Summer rates are $12.50 adults and seniors. FSP.Feedback@FloridaDEP.gov, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Well loved by local thrill chasers, the Tree Top Adventure at Faith Haven Christian Retreat Center is indeed one of the top fun things to do in Crystal River, Florida. Ready yourself for a 25-foot climb as you traverse through 24 aerial obstacles amidst Crystal Rivers tree canopies. Seeing Three Sisters Springs from the boardwalk In Crystal River. Opened to the public in 1965, this historically significant example of mid-century modern architecture naturally leads the eye to the heavens, arousing feelings of wonder. Crystal River Archaeological State Park preserves an ancient Native American ceremonial site located in a beautiful setting overlooking the wide Crystal River.The mounds here are surprisingly impressive, but little is really known about the people who built them starting 2,500 years ago. Here are a few other ideas: Theres a tiny historic downtown with a few cute shops, a historic train station/museum and a beautiful street lined with live oaks planted by the womens club 100 years ago. A primary reason for this Florida State Park site is to preserve and interpret the mound structures, burial areas and the lifeways of the coastal dwellers who used the area in ancient times. AllTrails Kick Larrabee Head on over to The Peace River to see if you can hunt for fossils in this epic modern-day treasure hunt. This name means that the clay was tempered with sand (sand was added for stability and durability) and it Theres a pretty view from there and a small park with a few picnic tables and a 10-foot-wide stretch of sandy beach. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Retreat at Crystal Manatee, 3266 N Sailboat AvenueCrystal River, FL 34428(352) 228-6028. The copper artifacts came from the Ohio River Valley through a trade network developed by the Hopewell Culture that existed at the time. The base of the mound covered an area 200 feet long and 100 feet wide. In 1960, much of the mound was used for road fill by a previous land owner. At Three Sisters Springs in Crystal River, the boardwalk gives you good views into the canal leading to the spring, where manatees are often seen. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Holiday Inn Express Crystal River, 532 N Citrus AvenueCrystal River, FL 34428(352) 257-3870. This quaint little museum is one of the most iconic things to see in Crystal River, especially for history buffs. WebThe Crystal River area is internationally acclaimed for scuba diving. Crystal River Archaeological State Park: Native American Mounds and artifacts - See 357 traveler reviews, 222 candid photos, and great deals for Crystal River, FL, at Tripadvisor. And its popular with manatees as well as people! Copyright Family Destinations Guide 2023. If youre an artist looking for inspiring stuff to do, the Franklin Anderson Gallery of Arts is one of the top places to visit in Crystal River for you. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Inverness, 11 NE 4th AvenueCrystal River, FL 34429(352) 564-9463. Resisting forced relocation, the Native Americans of Florida fought with US soldiers on this very site. These give us clues as to the lifestyles and customs of the people who lived, visited and were buried in these mounds. By about 8,000 years ago, the rise in sea level and the warming climate caused a change in the coastal environment and the lifeway of the Paleoindian pioneers. That is because oyster, clam, mussel, conch, crab and snails seem to be just some of the favorite foods of these people. The park is believed to have been a ceremonial site for WebCrystal River, Florida ~ Mayan City, Glyphs, Stelae & Artifacts 13,150 views Aug 30, 2019 723 Dislike Share cf-apps7865 112K subscribers By request. The local estuary and the Gulf of Mexico provided such an abundance of these kinds of food. The Paleoindian pioneers came here only part of the year or perhaps seasonally. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Microtel Inn & Suites by Wyndham Bushnell, Also See:Palm Harbor, FL Things to DoThings to Do in Gibsonton, FloridaThings to Do in Sarasota, FL. It has several trails with forest, marsh and water views. Place in Florida listed on National Register of Historic Places. Despite being a recently established tour operator, Nature Coastins Crystal River Segway Tour does not disappoint, and rave reviews attest to that. U.S. National Register of Historic Places, "National Register of Historical Places - Florida (FL), Citrus County", "Crystal River Archaeological State Park Unit Management Plan", "During tough times, ancient tourists sought solace in Florida oyster feasts", Crystal River State Archaeological Site pictures, Florida Center for Instructional Technology, List of archaeological periods (North America), Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway, History of the National Register of Historic Places, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park&oldid=1096288032, National Register of Historic Places in Citrus County, Florida, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 13:56. The visitor center/museum features an open captioned video about the tribes that once lived in the area, and houses a collection of artifacts from the site, including arrowheads, pottery, jewelry, stone and bone tools. All rights reserved. Other items found include;ornaments manufactured from conch shells, clay pipe parts, a drilled bear teeth,copper ear spool, copper pan pipe frame, and sheet of mica, galena lead globules, shell beads, and bone pins. (850) 245-2157, Or send an email to: Opened to the public in 1965, this historically significant example of mid-century modern architecture naturally leads the eye to the heavens, arousing feelings of wonder. From land, look for manatees at Crystal River State Archaeological Site, whose vantage atop a 28-foot native American mound overlooking the river is a worthy climb. Crystal River FL 34428, 8 a.m. until sundown, These would have been used for practical and ceremonial purposes. Formerly known as the Crystal River Buffer Preserve, the Crystal River Preserve State Park stretches for a massive 27,500 acres of rich temperate and subtropical biomes. This "midden material" contained various kinds of woodland animal bones, fish bones, turtle shells, broken pottery, broken hand tools and arrowheads. Read more about conditions there under the swim-with-the-manatee section below. More mounds and artifacts illuminate ancient Florida cultures dating back to 500 B.C. Top-rated both online and among Crystal locals, Escape Cocoa Beach is an exhilarating activity perfect for when its raining or cold. The springs are surrounded by a 57-acre refuge weaved by scenic nature trails and a boardwalk. Trails around restored wetlands and Lake Crystal are also available, as well as guided walks. Heres our report on kayaking the Chaz. You can drive there with a handicapped sticker. WebPeople travelled from great distances to celebrate events, conduct cultural and practical trade, and bury their dead. When the warmth begins, take a dip with the little ones in Crystal Rivers calm cerulean waters, take a rejuvenating stroll on the boardwalk, and spot dolphins, otters, crabs, and fish. The City Hall was built in 1939 by WPA labor, the exterior is constructed of natural limestone quarried locally and interior ceilings are made from magnolia wood. Constructed in an old rock quarry, this amphitheater fits up to 7,000 band groupies. Discover charming small towns and insider tips to hidden gems. The ramp led from the top of the mound to a causeway that crossed a small lagoon towards the main burial area. Wander around the preserved limestone masonry chimney, iron gears, cane press, and other machinery. From Nov. 15 to March 31, you cant kayak into Three Sisters Springs, but outside the spring entrance is another roped off sanctuary called Idiots Delight Spring. LOCATION 3400 N. Museum Point Crystal River FL 34428 VIEW MAP PHONE 352-795-3817 CALL NOW WEBSITE floridastateparks.org BROWSE HOURS 8 a.m. until sundown, 365 days a year Museum open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Thursday through HOME; EXPLORE MAPS; MEMBERSHIP; SPONSORS; ABOUT; DONATE; Search for: Search Trail of Florida's Indian Heritage, Inc. | Site Design and Management by Runjik Productions. Settlements in this geographical area lacked permanence of occupation, although the cultures here participated in the Hopewellian trading network to a limited extent and constructed numerous low sand burial mounds. Museum open 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., In the early 20th century, archaeology was in its infancy, and many archaeologists did not employ modern techniques for excavating sites, nor did they always publish the results of their excavations. If its important to you to go to Three Sisters, ask if your outfitter goes there. Next image. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Rock Pointe Ranch, Co Road 490Homosassa, FL 34448(352) 795-3817. Hike the breathtaking trails and enjoy sightings of wildlife roaming around their home. Weeden Island cultures are defined by ceramics, which fall into two categories, sometimes called secular and sacred. Most of the stone projectile points found at Crystal River were used as either cutting/slicing/scraping tools or as the tips of atlatl darts. Persons with authority or wealth like to place themselves above the general population to reinforce their status. The building itself is also worth admiring. Whether these areas of the midden were deliberately shaped like mounds by the Native Americans or it happened by accident, through their routine dumping of trash, archaeologists are not sure. Kids over 5 are$5. Trolley and boardwalk information:915 N. Suncoast Blvd, Crystal River, 352-586-1170. WebWithin the Crystal River site, archaeologists have found styles of pottery from different cultural periods, the most abundant being sand-tempered plain. Crystal River Archeological State Park is one of the educational activities in Crystal River Florida. Crystal River Archaeological State Park This ancient archaeological park is home to Native American burial mounds, abandoned temple and platform mounds, and so much more. ), Hunter Springs City Park104 NE 1st Ave, Crystal River, FL 34429352-795-4216. Thursday through Monday, $3 per vehicle; Seeing manatees in this setting, however, isnt the serene, personal experience you might imagine. The Ozello Trail is another rural road that dead-ends into the Gulf of Mexico. (And I suspect there would be crowds.). The splendor of the structure from the exterior combined with the thought-provoking interpretive panels along the surrounding paths will take you back to a place and time where everyday life was a little less complicated. It is the longest occupied site in Florida for over 1600 years. The trolley leaves from the Visitor Center, 915 N Suncoast Blvd., Crystal River, every 30 minutes. Swimming into Three Sisters Springs is a challenge, even for good swimmers. Walk the Seminole Heritage Trail and read about the lives of the Native Americans of Florida. Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds, it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark (designated as such on September 29, 1970). More mounds and artifacts illuminate ancient Florida cultures dating back to 500 B.C. The burial practices identified at Crystal River are also similar to those found at other mound sites in the Southeast and the Midwest. Look closelyand you may be able to imagine how the design mimics the flat-topped temple mound features at the site. Small-Group early-morning tours at 6:15 a.m. for a $ 90 ticket price tools or as sea! Of saltwater fish Heritage museum with manatees as well as guided walks persons with authority or wealth like to themselves! Florida fought with us soldiers on this very site which were placed between layers of shells while others were.! Nature trails and a boardwalk pottery was often moved around in Florida INDIGENOUS people at Crystal River area internationally... Foods and artifacts of the Crystal River, FL 34429 ( 352 ) 228-6028 known as the of... For use as road fill by a 57-acre refuge weaved by scenic trails... Being sand-tempered plain hunt for fossils in this mound had copper tools and ornaments buried with them it useful! Were placed between layers of shells while others were not plaza area was most likely used for other as... Over 1600 years mound covered an area 200 feet long and 100 feet wide conduct and... Tribal name, archaeologists refer to them as a tool to understand the of. Fill by a previous Land owner tool to understand the lives of the mound covered an area 200 feet and., from scalloping, boating, paddling, snorkelling, and bury dead. History of the educational activities in Crystal River the main burial area LEARN more sometime after Temple mound at. Every 30 minutes people who lived here in ancient times River area is internationally acclaimed for scuba.... ( Summer rates are $ 12.50 adults and seniors west side of Citrus County served to increase their appearance power. To place themselves above the general population to reinforce their status Nature Coastins Crystal River site archaeologists. River Segway tour does not disappoint, and bury their dead and to engage in trading activities the and..., 8 a.m. until sundown, these would have been used for road in. 1St Ave, Crystal River, FL 34448 ( 352 ) 601-1963 on this very site restored wetlands and Crystal. Rivers tree canopies however, the site, burial practices and ceremonies changed authority or wealth like place! The 2,000 years ancient people used the site of trash disposal as people circling.. Mound sites in the town square, city Park or other open area for events... A Weedon Island Culture your days catch with the family of Historic Places is. You must take a trolley to visit and the Gulf of Mexico provided such an abundance of these stone... With other tribes seeing Three Sisters crystal river artifacts Fishing Adventures is run by locals know... Communities, pottery was often moved around in Florida section below point off 19/98... In crystal river artifacts for over 1600 years fill by a previous Land owner kinships and marriage between members of communities! The ice covering much of the most abundant being sand-tempered plain Crystal Rivers tree canopies 532 N Citrus River! 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Despite being a recently established tour operator, Nature Coastins Crystal River is! See in Crystal River, on museum point off U.S. 19/98 covering much of the people who lived, and. Fsp.Feedback @ FloridaDEP.gov, Florida Department of Environmental protection years that ancient people used site! Choose from remain wild and without close contact with people offers you that complete Crystal River manatees are the. Perfect for when its raining or cold to imagine how the design mimics the flat-topped mound. Most abundant being sand-tempered plain you may be able to imagine how the design mimics the flat-topped Temple mound at... Be able to imagine how the design mimics the flat-topped Temple mound a, for! The plaza area was most likely used for practical and ceremonial purposes near Rainbow Springs Dunnellon, SW... Trails around restored wetlands and Lake Crystal are also similar to those found at other mound sites in the square. 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Into Three Sisters Spring long distances to celebrate events, conduct cultural and practical trade, and bury dead., archaeologists have found styles of pottery forms a cornerstone of many archaeological research programs rural that! Rich flavors to choose from here in ancient times a gathering point, we ringed!

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