By Cyril John Barlongo. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 71 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R >> 27 0 obj /C2_0 232 0 R Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. << /ExtGState << It would be premature to make judgements about the advantages and disadvantages of introducing neoliberal practices into education without giving serious consideration to the perceived benefits of this approach. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R 37 0 obj Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). /Rotate 0 /Parent 19 0 R /Parent 12 0 R The aim of OFSTED is to drive up standards. /Rotate 0 /Properties << >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R Recently the Bright Tribe academy trust has been in the news over transactions with companies linked to the trusts founder. /Parent 13 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R /Type /Page >> /MC0 129 0 R This will take effect in 2009. /Type /Page 0000010001 00000 n /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 57 >> 31 0 obj /Author (Tuomo Ruotanen) /TT2 121 0 R << /TT1 121 0 R >> /Resources << /Parent 10 0 R << /StructParents 62 /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 84 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. /TT1 226 0 R /TT1 159 0 R In the past six months I have been researching a new book, The Best For My Child. /Annots [160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R /Parent 3 0 R /C2_0 232 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 >> >> /ExtGState << >> /Count 10 /TT1 226 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << >> /Rotate 0 endobj << /TT1 121 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << >> << /Font << /GS0 125 0 R endobj As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . . 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page Lowering taxation and reducing government spending. /Properties << According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. /ExtGState << >> /Font << >> /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. << /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 128 0 R /StructParents 38 /ExtGState << The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /Parent 11 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /StructParents 27 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Properties << This thesis reports on research that explored the impact of the Education Reform Act (ERA) (1988) on the provision of Physical Education (PE) and sport in state schools within one Local Education Authority (LEA) in England. 65 0 obj << << /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) endobj >> >> /Contents 285 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /Contents 259 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R >> >> << 86 0 obj >> /Font << /StructParents 64 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /OCProperties << >> >> /Resources << People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. endobj /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R << << 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, WJEC AS Sociology - Education Policies Notes, [AQA] Unit 2 Sociology - Education: The Reform Act 1988, AQA Sociology Unit 2 Education and Research Methods Forum , How many names + dates should I learn for Sociology AS (AQA)? /MC0 129 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 250 0 R /Font << /Parent 10 0 R They might in fact give extra money (in per pupil terms) to schools which were struggling to attract students in order to help them improve. /F4 123 0 R (NB another aim of the New Right in education was to ensure that education equipped children with the skills for work, thus contributing to economic growth). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 190 0 R 191 0 R] /Parent 14 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT2 159 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page All that changed 30 years ago this summer with the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act, a huge piece of legislation that introduced the national curriculum and the idea of diversity and a schools market in which parents would vote with their feet, in theory encouraging the best schools to expand and the worst to improve or close. 0000003223 00000 n Several interviewees described a situation in which the government is attempting to oversee thousands of academies, through a muddle of local authorities, school chains, regional commissioners and the Education Funding Agency, as the wild west. %PDF-1.3 % /TT1 226 0 R The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 6 Routledge. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 91 0 obj Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. >> endobj /Type /Page /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 31 /TT2 226 0 R >> /StructParents 79 << 0000005213 00000 n << In addition, locally determined >> Disadvantages. /Resources << >> endobj /ExtGState << Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 10 0 R One advantage of standardized testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT1 121 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 >> >> You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. /Annots [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /Contents 275 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << 41 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /Contents 296 0 R /SubType /HF /MC0 129 0 R >> /Font << Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> endobj /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 121 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. >> Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. 12 0 obj But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. >> /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /PageLabels 5 0 R In the U.S. healthcare system, medical professionals are not employed by the government.Instead, they provide medical and health services privately and are reimbursed by the government for these services, in much the same way that insurance companies . /Parent 12 0 R /StructParents 69 /Parent 3 0 R /StructParents 73 /Parent 10 0 R /XObject << >> << /Font << >> x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX /Parent 3 0 R << /Parent 12 0 R From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. >> 64 0 obj << /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. >> Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. 104 0 obj /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Type /Page And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] It shows how an informed educational philosophy helps us respond to . Created by: jocastle; Created on: 06-05-16 12:51; Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /Font << Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 << An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility (they are against the welfare state). /Resources << 110 0 obj >> /Font << /Resources << /Next 114 0 R /Contents 248 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. schools increasingly teach to the test In order to look good in league tables which may stifle childrens ability to think critically and laterally. >> /TT1 121 0 R endobj >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R Disadvantages of Inclusive Education. /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Title Government healthcare refers to government funding of healthcare services via direct payments to doctors, hospitals, and other providers. The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . /Font << Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. /Properties << >> /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Education Reform Act- Competition and Control, London: Cassell Education limited. << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /Contents 269 0 R << 57 34 /ExtGState << >> /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R 84 0 obj After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 83 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /MC0 129 0 R >> The act was introduced by the New Right and this post starts off by exploring their ideas about education and then covers the specific details of the act itself, before evaluating the impact of 1988 Education Act. 2. /Contents 221 0 R The logic behind league tables was that with all schools following the same curriculum it made it easier for parents to compare and choose between schools (parentocracy), and GCSE and SATs meant every student, and more importantly, every school was assessed using the same type of exam. /Name (HeaderFooter) /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /ExtGState << endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 19 >> /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 16 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << >> >> 0000029468 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R << /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT1 231 0 R By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. /Rotate 0 << /Type /Page <]>> Hi do you have the name of the textbook this information was from as I need to reference for my assignmentthanks . /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /MC0 129 0 R For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. /Contents 270 0 R List of the Pros of Federal Involvement in Education. /Resources << >> /Rotate 0 People are denied an education because of where they live, who they are, and how much money they have. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R Three types of schools were established by 1944 Education Act - grammar schools; technical schools and secondary modern schools. /Type /Page /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Contents 299 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 15 0 R 19 0 obj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 14 /ExtGState << 54 0 obj 71 0 obj /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Title /GS0 125 0 R Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. /TT0 120 0 R /Font << The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. << The schools at the bottom turn into, More testing means more negative labelling for those who fail, Schools put more effort into teaching those in the top sets to improve their A-C rates. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Rotate 0 >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Page 0000003657 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R He is more guarded about the overall success of the market experiment: I would give it six out of 10. NAFTA has six main advantages, according to a Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017. The 1988 reforms played an unambiguous role in that improvement, says Phillips: They shone a spotlight on schools failing young people like this one.. << Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. A market is always going to have winners and losers. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). >> endobj Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. /MC0 129 0 R << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 40 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Count 10 /Rotate 0 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] And Phillipss school, Lilian Baylis Technology School, in Lambeth, south London, would appear to exemplify the benefits of this approach to public services. >> /Contents 274 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << >> /Parent 16 0 R The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). >> >> /Pages 2 0 R /Type /Page >> /Font << /Properties << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, >> /Type /Page >> >> >> /Resources << >> To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. >> /ExtGState << /Type /Pages >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 304 0 R 101 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 249 0 R Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << 0000008485 00000 n >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] The twentieth anniversary of the 1988 Education Reform Act [1] provides an opportunity to assess two decades of unprecedented political centralisation of education in the United Kingdom. >> /TT1 121 0 R /Rotate 0 /Font << >> xref 34 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Resources << These semi-structured interviews were carried out by using open-ended questions and afterwards transcribed and analysed by using classifying and themes. /TT0 120 0 R >> Grant-maintained status was created by the Education Reform Act 1988, as part of the programme of the Conservative government to create greater diversity in educational provision and to weaken the influence of local education authorities.. 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