Sun, Jan 7, 2024 - 19 countries. fasting, Jesus said to them, "Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the Bridegroom is with them? Great Lent (Or the Great Forty Days): Great Lent actually begins on Clean Monday, 48 days before the feast of Pascha. But because of the guests and his careless oath, he gave orders to cut off the head of Saint John and to give %PDF-1.7 The Fast of the Holy Mary is seen as a way to honor the mother of Jesus, and to seek her intercession and guidance in the face of difficult challenges and hardships. 2022 Fasting Calendar LEGEND: Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, wine, olive oil Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs, olive oil Abstain from meat, fish, dairy, eggs When the people of Nineveh heard Jonahs message, they repented and fasted in order to seek Gods forgiveness. It is based on the biblical story of Jonah and the city of Nineveh, in which Jonah was sent by God to deliver a message of repentance to the people of Nineveh. their resolve and to be with them in their missionary undertakings. While most Orthodox Christians are perhaps aware of the general rules of fasting for Great Lent, the rules for the other fasting periods are less known. Olive oil and wine are permitted on Saturday and Sunday. ?}sn4`?edu>7_F'>rMmX~>swFk?G\Gc=D1N 4i*;E%P+ZUjrZuy9|*|N~_~oGg]v?k1ouxM?~>|cCeZ;b/kkTkn;0cge?Vfye,/7(4&M^$ys5*#p5nIv|^y 1s{QKw|$mQ;]bKQhxs#uV^/MMymP[mj_+jSwM 4X92~G"r,32LjG=n")'#bM>m~M[o"S-Vf= t|,NA/ok(Ix+c)o__Z( There are three main ways to connect to our faith during Great Lent. 18 March, 2023 - Annual Western PA/OH Pan-Orthodox Lenten Retreat April 1, 2023 - Lenten Retreat Praying our way together during Great Lent Recent Galleries 02/25/2023 02/20/2023 Mailing Address Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA P.O. Strict Fast:Refrain from meat, fish, oil, wine, dairy, and eggs. First, given the pervasive misunderstanding of the purpose of fasting itself, a refresher on its purpose is always a good idea. The Orthodox Nativity Fast 2022 begins by our calendar on November 28 and lasts for forty days, until January 7 (December 25), The beginning of fasting takes place on the feast day of the Apostle Philip on November 14/27, therefore it is sometimes called Phillip's Fast. + There is a fast which a Bishop keeps at the time he is consecrated. + There are 180 of fasting days in total which are obligatory for all Orthodox Christians. Between 1902 and 2037 7 Major Feasts Christmas January 7th Epiphany January 19th Palm Sunday April 17th Easter April 24th Pentecost June 12th Ascension June 2nd Annunciation April 7th 7 Minor Feasts Circumcision of our Lord 1) The Nativity Fast (Advent): Nov. 15 Dec. 24. Fasting is one way. +All persons above the age of 7 observe the church fasts. Holy Week. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. To help with fasting we have once again provided you with a free, downloadable meal plan to take you all the way from Kathara Deftera (Clean Monday) to Pascha (Orthodox . The first week of Lent is especially strict. This calendar keeps the 1954 Roman Catholic Calendar and the pre-1917 practice of anticipating Vigils on Saturday that fall on Sunday in a given year. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Twitter | Eggs are not permitted on any days. Your support helps us further the vital ministry work. Meatfast - Monday after the Sunday of Last Judgment through Cheesefare Sunday subsequently been forgotten in the West. We should not eat between meals. What is Orthodox Christianity? For the first fourteen days of August during each year, the Holy Orthodox Church enters into a strict fast period in honor of the Mother of God, the Virgin Mary. Related Holidays. The Eve of Theophany - January 5 Strictly interpreted, it signifies that we may eat only vegetables cooked with water and salt, and also such things as fruit, nuts, bread and honey. In the dystopian film, Children of Men directed by Alfonso Cuarn, a world is imagined in the future where no more children are born, and, as the decades pass, humanity is plunged into despair. ORTHODOX CALENDAR 2022 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Eight weeks after Pascha comes the Sunday of Date: Nehase 1 Nehase 15 / 7 21 August (Fixed Date). ):lB(@'/dYL+@@2TT#dF\`YYWYK_]Y"8PbD8K2rQp.d3-G5e4;q|.[w d)R]cjVB4qT~L0%/MyKsM1Q: IdctA,DFXQSpA}L=S3Y%zH3GLE3PIBi-qd_H('D"\BtZnE'E"?L Greek Orthodox Lent is a time of fasting, which means abstaining from foods that contain animals with red blood (meats, poultry, game) and products from animals with red blood (milk, cheese, eggs, etc. %PDF-1.7 26), Repose of St. Innocent (Mar. Work permitted, except Shabbat. We commemorate the Cross every Wednesday and Friday each week, which is why we fast on those days too. The vile girl on the advice of her wicked mother Herodias asked that she be given the head of John the Baptist on a platter. Within the community, each person fasts differently, according to his or her personal capability, spiritual insight, and vision. For this reason it is known as St. Philips Fast. The Fast of the Holy Mary is observed by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in honor of the Virgin Mary. var daynames = new Array("Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"); The Readings and Saints appointed for each day on the Orthodox (New) Calendar. The celebration of when our Lord Jesus Christ ascended to heaven. Orthodox calendar 2022 Orthodox calendar (Russian Orthodox Church) with feasts and fasts for years from 1900 to 2099 (perpetual calendar). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Calendar / Tipic / Paschalia / Resources / Calendar / Tipic / Paschalia . The Wednesdays and Fridays of the Year, except for Fast-Free Weeks The Eve of Theophany - January 5 The Beheading of St. John the Baptist - August 29 The Elevation of the Cross - September 14 Concerning Fasting On the Calendar will be found notations concerning Fasting days and seasons. In general, except where otherwise noted, all Wednesdays and Fridays (Mondays also, in some monasteries) are kept as days of fasting (an exception being during the Fast Free periods), as well as the four canonical fasting periods (Great Lent, the Apostles Fast, the Nativity Fast and the Dormition Fast), and certain other days, including the Eve of Theophany, the Beheading of St. John the Baptist, and the Elevation of the Cross. Tsome Hawariat (The Fast of the Apostles) begins on the first Monday after Pentecost and lasts between 14 and 44 days and always ends on Hamele 5, Date: Ginbot/Sene Hamle 5 / 08 June 12 July (Movable Start Date). But from the 20th of December until the 25th, even if it be Saturday or Sunday, we do not allow fish.. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. <> The contents of this website are copyright 2000-2014 Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, a. the week following the Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee, b. stream Abiy Tsome or The Fast of Great Lent in Ethiopia is a period of strict fasting and prayer observed by Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo christians during the season of Great Lent, which occurs in the lead-up to Easter. Neither in ancient nor in modern times has there ever been exact uniformity, but most Orthodox authorities agree on the following rules: The rule of xerophagy is relaxed on the following days: It has always been held that these rules of fasting should be relaxed in the case of anyone elderly or in poor health. Certain individuals and institutions are presented for reference purposes only and may not be under the supervision or jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese. In the leap year the extra day is added to these five days making the Pagumen of this year a period of 6 days. 3 0 obj Telegram | On weekdays (Monday to Friday inclusive) during the seven weeks of Lent, there are restrictions both on the number of meals taken daily and on the types of food permitted; but when a meal is allowed, there is no fixed limitation on the quantity of food to be eaten. These cookies do not store any personal information. Sun, Apr 24, 2022: Type: Orthodox : List of dates for other years. Facebook | 35-37: What precisely do the rules of fasting demand? On weekdays-except, perhaps, during the first week or Holy Week-it is now common to eat two cooked meals daily instead of one. From August 1 to August 14 (inclusive) Orthodox and Eastern Catholics fast from red meat, poultry, meat products, dairy products (eggs and milk products), fish, oil, and wine. April 2022 - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America DONATE Calendar of Saints, Feasts, and Readings in the Orthodox Church April 2022 List Grid View All View Saints View Readings Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 4th Friday of Lent Isaiah 29:13-23 Genesis 12:1-7 Proverbs 14:15-26 2 Fourth Saturday of Lent Hebrews 6:9-12 Link Prayer and almsgiving are the other two. Home / <>/Metadata 951 0 R/ViewerPreferences 952 0 R>> Refrain from meat, fish, oil, wine, dairy, and eggs. The Orthodox Christian Faith proclaims the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the teachings of the Apostles, and the tradition and life of the living Church worldwide through worship, communion, witness, and service. A listing of department members and their contact information. Meat Fare Week this is a normal week except that oil and wine are not permitted on Wednesday or Friday. Geoff Harvey12 Sep 2022 - 9:00am. The following foods are avoided: Meat, including poultry, and any meat products such as lard and meat broth. M5c8[Oc&>25^eknV[o`*QSpQ}J)*S&RLN(SG. First Week of Lent: Only two full meals are eaten during the first five days, on Wednesday and Friday after the Presanctified Liturgy. Many Orthodox Christians in Australia fast during Lent prior to Easter. Special prayer programs are carried out during the fasting periods and members are also expected to abstain from sexual and other pleasure activities. The days that the fast is followed are as following: Every Wednesday and Friday. Sunday, april 24th is day number 114 of the 2022. Dormition is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the Christian faith. It is typically observed for three days, during which believers abstain from food, drink, and other pleasures. Fasting on these days is a way for believers to show their devotion to Jesus and to remember his suffering. The Fast is thought to have been instituted out of thanksgiving to God for the witness of Those unable to do this may eat bread, with a little water, tea or fruit-juice, but not until sunset, or at any rate not until after the veneration of the [Plashchanitsa] at Vespers. Fasting and Abstinence Lent is 40 days (46 days for Orthodox Christians) of prayer, fasting, and abstinence in preparation for the resurrection of Christ on Easter Sunday. 2023 Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church Diocese of the U.S.A and Canada. As part of the Triodion, Lent is dedicated to spiritual uplift and liberation of passions. Names of months are as follows: (1) Meskerem (September-October) (2) Teqemt (October- November) [Y.zwo?|/;/`;otOgKG)z.-mH2&m7+o_Wo Special days are appointed for f asting. Icons The Ethiopia calendar is similar to the Coptic Egyptian calendar since both have 13 months, 12 of which have 30 days and an intercalary month at the end of the year called Pagume which means 'forgotten days' in Greek. Work of the Church / THE ORDER OF FASTS IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX TEWAHIDO CHURCH ( ) 7 March 2013 at 23:09 THE ORDER OF FASTS IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX TEWAHIDO CHURCH ( ) Fasting is abstinence from all things a body needs, and one has to fast from animal products and from any kind of food for a limited time until the period of fasting is over. It is often seen as a hidden treasure of the Liturgical Calendar - everyone knows about the Great Lent and even the Nativity Fast , but the rather short Apostles Fast often gets forgotten. To the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Lent (Hudadi or Abbiy Tsom) means a period of fasting when the faithful undergo a rigorous schedule of prayers and penitence. x}[{0~-Q 9,^sI:'83_R,$V=Eb=TO_OO~o?|~?go/mx[?/?}?/fbtr6kso_Ou:>m7_8/zjaykY4s_cg$_~xo_w~g>j0eVzymqgf|ihOgay m\NkQkP3ge[_65od2[)(}-G]VWp*cW0\+pLm`-o\1oFGwIb^j oEdS CEx&vh{LZMl|}'V_|}o?E|oCcop]lbrx&4?cM/|L?~~VV ? document.write(daynames[now.getDay()] + ', ' + monthnames[now.getMonth()] +' ' + now.getDate() +', ' + 2023 During this time, believers abstain from all food and drink from sunrise to sunset, and spend their days in prayer and devotion to the Virgin Mary. Throughout the year there are seven designated . <> Ethiopia has its own ancient calendar based on the system called Bahire Hasab - which means the Sea of Ideas. Wine and oil are also allowed on Wednesday and Thursday of the fifth week, because of the vigil for the Great Canon. The Feast of the Dormition is preceded by a two-week fast, referred to as the Dormition Fast. Orthodox Easter Day 2023, 2024, 2025 Ethiopia Holidays Ethiopia Orthodox Easter Day Orthodox Easter Day in Ethiopia Orthodox Easter Day is public holiday in 2023 in whole Ethiopia. Fast of the Apostles- it begins on a Monday, 8 days after Pentecost, and ends on June 28. Administration. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. At the meals on Wednesday and Friday xerophagy is prescribed. At the same time, to reiterate the need for a conscience free of passions, the Church decided that the Great Canon should be read in its entirety in the fifth week of Great Lent. Orthodox Easter, also called Greek Easter is the principal festival of the Orthodox Church. As in Western Christianity, the period of Lent differs in its dates from year to year, with the dates defined by the date of Pascha . The celebration of the baptism of Jesus Christ, by St. John the Baptist. On Saturdays and Sundays in Lent, with the exception of Holy Saturday, two main meals may be taken in the usual way, around mid-day and in the evening, with wine and olive oil; but meat, animal products and fish are not allowed. From Monday, February 20, 2023 to Saturday, April 15, 2023 . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. aujnu8RS&5 This fasting period begins on the Monday following the Feast of the Cross (Meskel) and lasts for three days. The 7 Official Fasts. We also publish opinion pieces, features and informational pages. (Always Commemorated on a Thursday). The Fast of Great Lent is seen as a time of spiritual cleansing and renewal, and is considered a crucial part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian faith. LLkCb.ln_kvD' ,u.4zN-Tu9 k2lbDkUo~\"Yir7Ru~r?p|o^ Fasting refers to restrictions on the quantity of food eaten and when it is consumed, while abstinence refers to the complete avoidance of particular foods. Days to Orthodox Easter 2022 Sunday, April 24th is day number 114 of the 2022 calendar year with -10 months, -4 days until Orthodox Easter 2022. Cross at the end of the Vigil service of the holy day following the Great Doxology of Matins. to his being taken to be crucified; but in the wider sense it is understood in terms of his Ascension into heaven, and his commission Maslenitsa. This - the first Ukrainian and one of the first Orthodox parishes in California.. 4051 Melrose Ave, Los Angeles, California, How to write a note to pray in Orthodox church, Week following the Sunday of Publicanand Pharisee. Meat is excluded 1Venerable Shio Mgvime (6th c.) (Georgia) (movable holiday on Thursday of the Cheese-fare Week). The Tradition of the Church is that Mary died as all people die, not voluntarily as her Son, but by the necessity of her mortal human nature which is indivisibly bound up with the corruption of this world. endobj 2022 Daily Lives, Miracles, and Wisdom of the Saints & Fasting Calendar - Kindle edition by Calendar Company, Orthodox. January Wine is allowed-and, according to some authorities, oil as well-on Friday in the same week, because of the vigil for the Akathist Hymn. *On all Saturdays and Sundays, except Great and Holy Saturday, wine and oil are permitted. In the following weekthe usual fast is kept on Wednesday and Friday. The tradition of the Fast has existed at least since Pope Leo I (461 AD), as is evidenced by his homilies, though it has Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East. 4 0 obj The commemoration of the beheading of John the Baptist is observed with the Divine Liturgy of Saint fasting periods ordained in the Fetha Negest. After St. The information contained on the website of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America is for informational purposes only. 6:14), and that the letter kills, but the spirit gives life (2 Cor. 4) The Great Fast: The Great Fast (Great Lent) is from sundown on Cheese Fare Sunday through Great Holy Saturday. According to what was done in the monasteries, one meal a day is eaten on weekdays and two meals on weekends of Great Lent. We note here that there are many local variations in the allowances of wine and oil (and sometimes fish), such as on patronal feast days of a parish or monastery, or when the feast of a great Saint (or Saints) is celebrated which has particular local or national significance. In many Christian churches, several weeks prior to Christmas are known as Advent, from a Latin word that means coming. In the Orthodox Church, this season of preparation for the Nativity of Christ always begins on November 15, the day after the Feast of the Apostle Philip. On Wednesday, the fast is kept until after the Presanctified Liturgy. !j0aB The celebration of when Christ instituted the Holy Eucharist. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. As with the other Fasts of the Church year, there is a Great Feast that falls during the Fast; in this case, the Transfiguration (August 6), on which fish, wine and oil are allowed. All other 11 Orthodox Churches celebrate Christ's Nativity on December 25th as the Western Church does . Instagram | Great Lent begins on Monday, March 7, 2022. Another specificity is the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, celebrated only during Lent. Learn about the work and efforts of the Department of Music and Translations and offer your support! Veneration of Holy Cross, Commemoration of our Holy Father John Climacus, and the Commemoration of our On Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, a total fast is kept. Saturdays and Sundays in the Second through Sixth Weeks: Wine and oil are permitted; otherwise the strict fasting rule is kept. The Lenten liturgical program was synthesized throughout time. During the Nativity Fast, Orthodox Christians perpare for the celebration of the Nativity of Christ. The Nativity Fast occurs at the same time as the secular American holiday season. But its it is a lot different in its meaning from secular holiday celebrations and traditions. Premium Powerups . to preach the Gospel, which can only be accomplished with prayer and fasting. 1 0 obj GREEK ORTHODOX ARCHDIOCESE OF AUSTRALIA | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | - Home; Archbishop. 2022 Fasting Calendar 2021-12-27 / in News / by Fr. Otherwise there is no special fasting. will come, when the Bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast. The celebration of when Christ entered Jerusalem and all praised Him. Orthodox Calendar. . All Rights Reserved. Directory The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, with its headquarters located in the City of New York, is an Eparchy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, The mission of the Archdiocese is to proclaim the Gospel of Christ, to teach and spread the Orthodox Christian faith, to energize, cultivate, and guide the life of the Church in the United States of America according to the Orthodox Christian faith and tradition. 6. We invite you to prayerfully consider sharing the resources given to you by God with a donation to the Archdiocese. Welcome to EthioWebs, Ethiopian online magazine and information hub. A subreddit dedicated to discussion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Share this entry. This is in accord with the traditions of the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity. Apostles (Peter & Paul) Fast - June 11 through June 28 Episcopia Ortodox Romn din America The Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America Episcopia Ortodox Romn din America . All rights reserved. (Fetha Negest 15, Mt. 29. he length of the Fast is variable, being determined by the date of Pascha (Easter). http://ClmFVYo2oU@ethiowebs Cheese Fare Week (meat and meat products not permitted), c. Paschal Bright Week (the week after Pascha), e. the Nativity Season (Dec. 25 Jan. 5), f. the 50 days after Pascha (strict fasting is relaxed; consult your Father Confessor about fasting during this period). 0 coins. If there occur on Tuesday or Thursday a Saint who has a [Great] Doxology, we eat fish; if on Monday, the same; but if on Wednesday or Friday, we allow only oil and wine. 8 East 79th Street New York, NY 10075 Explore . + There is a 40 days fast for all new . Shellfish is traditionally permitted. + There is a fast which a Bishop keeps at the time he is consecrated. According to Sacred Tradition, as part of their preparation, they began a fast with prayer to ask God to strengthen Also called Quadragesima or Tessaracoste, Great Lent is a 40-day season of spiritual preparation that comes before the Feast of Holy Pascha or the Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, which falls on April 24. . + 9 feasts of the Lord + 33 feasts of our Lady, Virgin Mary On Holy Saturday there is in principle no meal, since according to the ancient practice after the end of the Liturgy of St. Official Documents | Terms of Use | Copyright Sources. It then continues with Palm Sunday (the entry of Christ into Jerusalem), Great and Holy Monday which remembers Joseph of the Old Testament who was sold into slavery, Holy Tuesday (the Parable of the ten virgins), Holy Wednesday, (the anointing of Jesus with myrrh by the woman in the house of Simon the Leper), Great and Holy Thursday (the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper), Great and Holy Friday (the Passion of Christ) and the last day before Pascha, Great and Holy Saturday. John Chrysostom which is conducted in the morning and preceded by a Matins service. Sdn Tim Grace25 Dec 2022 - 9:00pm. According to strict observance, in the course of the five initial days of Lent, only two meals are eaten, one on Wednesday and the other on Friday, in both cases after the Liturgy of the Presanctified. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Site Map | 4 0 obj 2 0 obj Personal factors need to be taken into account, as for example, the situation of an isolated Orthodox living in the same household as non-Orthodox, or obliged to take meals in a factory or school [lunchroom]. ~The priest rarely grants dispensations. During the final weeks of the Nativity fast, Dec. 13 24, the fast is stricter and no fish is permitted. Nothing is eaten from Monday morning until Wednesday evening, the longest time without food in the Church year. On weekends, olive oil and wine are permitted. It is held in the month of September and lasts for seven days. Holy Week: The Thursday evening meal is ideally the last meal taken until Pascha. The Nativity Fast is meant to get us ready, not for a present-opening party, but for a celebration of the birth of Christ. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Fast of the 17th of Tammuz - July 17, 2022. The Fasting Seasons A. The Birth-Giver of God (Theotokos), the Virgin Mary, was "blessed amongst women," and she was chosen "to bear the Savior of our souls." 1. Tone three. Outlines for Liturgical Services /, Nativity (St. Philips Fast) - Nov. 15 through Dec. 24 ^e1/5|FTuj?FBW6b+z'n~qz\?Y|3}3}9O{Ey?u Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Christmas Fast-lasting 40 days, from . Also called Quadragesima or Tessaracoste, Great Lent is a 40-day season of spiritual preparation that comes before the Feast of Holy Pascha or the Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, which falls on April 24. The Mission of The Orthodox Church in America, the local autocephalous Orthodox Christian Church, is to be faithful in fulfilling the commandment of Christ to Go into all the world and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Why do Orthodox Christians bow to Saints? 24), Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel (Mar. Week before Lent ("Cheesefare Week"): Meat and other animal products are prohibited, but eggs and dairy products are permitted, even on Wednesday and Friday. Box 495 South Bound Brook, NJ 08880 Offices: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA Metropolia Center Main Page Trinity Week - The week after Pentecost until the Saturday before All Saints Sunday, The Wednesdays and Fridays of the Year, except for Fast-Free Weeks This date works to the Julian calendar that pre-dates the Gregorian calendar, which is commonly . tP&_/!6 F2k6OKQ\7FT-4aA(+ Wx>43]yI=udm=L But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Orthodox Christmas Day 2024. ~+~ Some go back to apostolic times and others are of later origin. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. top of page. Registered Charity Number: 1175538. The day which our Lord, God, and Savior Jesus Christ sacrificed Himself for our sake. Most of the fasting periods also involve abstaining from food and drink until 3pm, when the only meal of the day is consumed. Fasting is more than prayer abstinence from eating meat and meat products. Does anyone have the link or image 2022 Fasting Calendar like this? Link,