Thin rubber mats may not absorb much of the shock from the feet landing so plywood on top of the rubber could be an alternative. How To Install Vinyl Plank Over Concrete Orc Week 4 5 The Hy Housie. Even such unlikely candidates as carpet and solid hardwood can work if you choose the right product and install it correctly. Best Type Of Flooring For Your Outdoor Patio Epoxy Vs Stained. Site-specific considerations. Tile Flooring Porcelain and ceramic tile are great conductors of heat, so your home will get the full benefit of the radiant heating system. Apply firm pressure when pushing the planks together. If we use this, would glue down or "floating" be more . The gaps between the wall and the flooring should be in. A minimum 6 mil construction grade polyethylene film, with perm of .13 or other impermeable material with a perm of .15 or less is recommended. Yes, the looks are important, but a beautiful vinyl plank floor that isn't strong will be a waste of money. This gently warms the floor under your feet. It is also inexpensive, which is a benefit for homes. First, apply a concrete leveling primer to the entire floor with a push broom. It can cover a large area depending on where you are fitting. Typically it is necessary to do a moisture test prior to installing even engineered flooring over concrete. Unlike poured concrete, pavers are pre made so they are not poured on site. A concrete slab makes for a smooth, hard, solid, and durable subfloor. Some flooring materials like tile and stone can be installed directly over concrete, but most other flooring materials (including solid and . If you do, there's a chance you'll have to start over, so take care to move your materials with you as you work your way out the door. Reclaimed Safety Rubber Mat Improves Traction and Resilience. Start installing laminate flooring by matching their tongue with the groove. Use a trowel at a 45-degree angle to apply the vapor barrier all over the concrete. 8 Conclusion Installing Wood Flooring Over Concrete: Basic Idea You will want to make sure that you do everything you can to protect your wood flooring. Whats people lookup in this blog: If you are looking for the best vinyl floor for your concrete floor, choose one that will be durable and stable. Generally, concrete sets in 24 to 48 hours allowing one to walk on it. Adhesive: double sided carpet tape Start from one end of the floor and keep applying while moving back to the doorway. Snap the planks in place. There are three main ways to install a subfloor, including to the NWFA. The 7 Best Floor Underlayments of 2022 Our top picks are from brands like Roberts, Eco Cork Foam, and DMX 1-Step By Anne Fritz Updated on 03/08/22 We independently research, test, review, and recommend the best productslearn more about our process. Another option is to coat the concrete with a stain or a cement-based overlay. Acclimate Flooring They allow the vinyl plank flooring to adjust to temperature changes and will allow some leeway for the contraction and expansion of the house. They are common in today's outdoor patios. To make it easier for you to choose the best flooring, we have compiled a list of flooring types that you can put on a concrete slab. Otherwise, you may have to give it . Pour the mixture onto the floor, letting gravity take it into the lower areas of the floor. Then fasten 3/4-in. Lay 3/4-inch plywood sheets opposite to the direction of the finish flooring, leaving a 1/4-inch gap between panels to eliminate squeaking. Mark 24-inch marks along each sleeper. The most popular home gym flooring is rolled rubber over concrete. Check the slab under the plastic after 24-48 hours. According to flooring experts, the best kind of wood flooring to use with a concrete subfloor is a floating engineered wood floor. Padding can be used with most floating laminate floor installation. 2. 3. Fill in low spots with a concrete self-leveling compound. Before installing bamboo flooring over concrete, be sure to fill any holes or cracks in the concrete slab with a concrete leveling compound applied with a trowel. Wood The ideal way to put down a wooden floor over concrete slab foundation is to start by putting down pressure 2-by-4-inch sleepers. To make it easier for you to choose the best flooring, we have compiled a list of flooring types that you can put on a concrete slab. When the concrete floor is heated the heat rises, warming everything in the room. Clean the old vinyl with a household floor cleaner. Preparing Concrete Subfloor For Bamboo Flooring. Clearly, you want to make sure that each plank joint of your laminate floor is tight. Measure and cut the last piece and connect to the row. Installing hardwood on concrete is not a do-it-yourself project. Concrete is a sponge for any moisture trapped beneath it. On top of it, tile tends to feel colder than other types of flooring, so the need for radiant heating underneath is greatest. The new floor will be laid on the concrete slab. BEST BANG FOR THE BUCK: TrafficMaster Edwards Oak Luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring. Choosing a flooring that already has thermal-conducting properties, such as stone, marble and ceramic tile, will hold more heat than other choices, making them preferred flooring choices over radiant heat. When you install hardwood floors, concrete is one of the best bases to work from there are only a few steps to take. However, if you opt for the epoxy paint treatment, expect to pay $10 to $15 per square foot. Most of the heat rises to the ceiling. How To Install Hardwood Floors Over A Concrete Slab Amaz Installing wood flooring over concrete diy can i install hardwood floors on a slab by the s installing hardwood floors over concrete you installing a hardwood floor over concrete slab american information center. In addition, tile flooring will not expand as it warms or contract as it cools. The best flooring to put on top of concrete slab are luxury vinyl planks (LVP), luxury vinyl tiles (LVT), ceramic tiles or stone. Lay 6-mil polyethylene sheeting over the concrete to minimize moisture migration from the concrete up into the wood flooring. Concrete Pavers. A timber-joisted floor at Ground Floor level needs to have adequate ventilation and crawl-space underneath the joists. Subfloors made of concrete typically are in the form of a solid concrete slab, such as a basement floor or a slab-on-grade foundation. Finally when you get to the end of a row, use the pull bar to snug up any joints. Warm heat distributed with forced-hot-air systems is uneven. Some of these reasons are: Images about Pouring Concrete Floor Slab Pouring Concrete Floor Slab. BEST KITCHEN AND BATHROOM: NuCore White Pewter Rigid . STEGO WRAP 15-mil VAPOR BARRIER: Stego Wrap claims they have a virtually zero permeance under concrete slab vapor barrier. Alternatively, mix a few drops of dish detergent in water to clean the floor. Tape down a piece of heavy plastic (6 mil visqueen) with duct tape, make sure that the tape is well sealed. BEST OVERALL: Shaw Primavera Bayou Luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring. 5. Cheap Outdoor Flooring Wood Composite For Patio. treated plywood to the concrete with concrete screws spaced every 16 in. ($2-$7/sq. Unique Outdoor Flooring Ideas Hgtv. Measure and mark the center of all four walls at floor level. The rest will be done by itself. Solid and engineered flooring needs to be at least " thick to be directly installed onto sleepers. Vinyl Subfloor. Video of the Day Floating Floor A floating floor is a type of engineered hardwood floor. It is important to check the moisture level and ensure that it is below 6% before you attach any type of subflooring, especially plywood. How to lay deck flooring on a concrete patio outdoor flooring ideas that will rejuvenate your backyard e flexible flooring for uneven floors top . What flooring can you lay over concrete? . So happy its been of use to SOOOO many folks out . Upinor Quik-Trak radiant flooring 1/4 inch Hardi-backer Vacuum any dust and debris from the floor. The vapor retarder should meet the fairly new ASTM standard E 1745. Consider adding a rug to your ceramic tile basement floor to help warm up the floor. If a concrete slab subfloor is above grade, flat, and in good condition with no cracks, chips, or ridges, then almost any type of floor covering is appropriate, and the "best" choice depends on your design needs and budget. (tape each row with aluminum tape) 1 layer 1/2 inch ACQ plywood, shot and screwed into slab. Concrete pavers are a modern and ultra-durable outdoor flooring option for your patio. Follow these steps with care to safely complete the installation yourself. Their 15 mil vapor barrier also controls radon gas, is resistant to hot/cold temperatures, resistant to soil chemicals & pollutants, and like I said allows virtually Zero water vapor transmission up through the slab. If you buy something through our links, we may earn a commission. It is one of the least expensive basement gym flooring options and creates few seams in your exercise room floor. 6 Concrete Floor Covering Options Ideas Network. This kind of floor performs well, resists moisture and is easy to install. The radiant heat will still warm your room as it will travel through the underlay and carpet. These products are durable and work well in any room. It's a velvet-made carpet measuring 3X10FT and a thickness of 0.6cm. In addition, hardwood flooring is not the best option for a concrete slab. Best Flooring for Concrete Slab Foundation The best options for flooring over a concrete slab foundation are wood/laminate, carpet, or tile for your whole house. These are just some of the reasons that people choose to lay different types of flooring over concrete. Perfect for a wet basement. Once the patching compound has cured, use a level to determine if the floor is level. Concrete stain can create the look of polished stone, but the floor must be sealed to protect the surface, says Porch . Best Flooring to Install Over a Radiant Heating System Under floor radiant heating systems work by running hot water through pipes, or electricity through resistance wires, which are installed under the finished floor. For the best performance over a concrete slab, select a low-pile carpet made from synthetic fibers. For holes and large chips in your concrete subfloor, use a self-leveling concrete patching compound. Apply floor patching compound to any cracks in the old vinyl to create a smooth surface. Best Flooring For Concrete Slabs 50 Floor. Patio pavers are perhaps the most versatile option for your outdoor flooring. Be sure to get durable and lovely . As well, there is 2inches of XPS and a 6mill poly VB beneath the concrete slab and heating tubes. Vinyl tile and vinyl plank flooring are easy to install, thanks to interlocking joints. Snap the chalk line over the top of the concrete or moisture barrier between the marks on opposite walls making a cross in the center of the room. Fasten the plywood to the concrete using powder-actuated fasteners or concrete nails. Vinyl planks or tiles. High-Quality Vapor Barrier A high quality vapor retarder must be installed under the concrete slab and preferably over the concrete slab just before the flooring is installed. It will cost you anywhere from $2 to $4 to paint your floors with regular concrete paint. Apply duct tape along both sides of the entire crack, and apply an epoxy-based resin into the crack. Implementing concrete floor coating to your floor seems as easy as painting wall surfaces, but similar to painting, it involves a pro phone call. Place the pull bar at the end of the row and tap with a rubber mallet. It is especially used on floors but at times you want to put plywood over it. A concern when it comes to ceramic tile is that it lacks insulation. Contents hide 1 Moisture Protection 2 Keeping Your Floor Warm from Cold Concrete 3 Hiding Subfloor Imperfections - Your Floors Not Flat Like You Think 3.1 Resistance to Flattening Floor 4 Superior Sound Reduction/Absorption 4.1 Taking the items above, we believe QuietWalk Plus has what your looking for: Moisture Protection Also see FLOOR, CONCRETE SLAB POURED FINISH where we describe pour-on finish flooring for use over thermal mass concrete slabs. Pros It is not easily stuck A grooved design for excellent dust removal You can crop it easily Has effective removal of sludge Cons The color is dull for bright color lovers Best Basement Flooring The Warmest Floor Covering Is Cork. Installing Laminate Flooring on Concrete Steps If you've got concrete stairs to cover, the laminate must be glued down using high-quality construction glue. Vinyl plank flooring is easily laid over concrete and can be put down as either a glue down or floating floor option. https://www.patreon.com/beowulfbuildersYYYYEEEEHAAAWWW we have just hit over 150,000 views on this vid !!!! The Spruce / Chloe Jeong And you must wait about seven days for epoxy paints to cure. Carpet flooring pros include: -Durable -Easy installation -Durable Carpets are also available in a variety of styles, so you can pick the look that will work best for you. Many firms will give you vinyl planks that are beautiful and can last for a long time. If your floor is flat, stable and free of large cracks, you can lay ceramic tile directly over your concrete. [8] If you love solid wood floors and your home rests on a concrete slab, you're not out of luck. You should then lay down 5/8-inch plywood after covering the sleepers with 6-mm plastic. wood planks to the plywood. Expect to pay between $15 and $30+ per square foot. This carpet build won't absorb as much water, but will still provide a soft and stylish addition to your basement. Allow the patching compound to cure completely. Vacuum the crack to remove all of the dust and debris. Mark off the wall at 24-inch intervals, width-wise. Finally . Porcelain, ceramic, and natural stone are the best flooring materials for radiant heating as they encompass all four factors. During installation, make sure you leave an expansion gap of 1/4 on all sides. It will generally be more expensive to lay flagstone on a concrete slab with mortar. 11 Andersen 200 t/w windows (wall-to-wall) Cheap slider door Flooring: 1 layer foil-backed bubble wrap (forget what this is called, but purchased at local lumber yard in 2' width.) Price: $42.60 - $425.00. or 3/8 in. You will lay the flooring lengthwise to this wall. With concrete, this is incredibly important and you will end up with a better-looking final product. Is there still a need for a 6mil poly sheet over the concrete separating the laminate from the slab? The laminate floor padding cost is $0.12 to $0.15 (12 to 15 cents) per square foot. $101-250 How to install a wood plank floor over concrete Wood floor over concrete details Lay a plastic moisture barrier and then screw 3/4-in. A couple of questions for the laminate flooring install.. 1. Nail the 3/4-in. Then, mix about 50 lb (23 kg) of the leveling compound in 20 cups (4,700 mL) of water. We are considering tile, but labor may cost too much. Don't walk on the moisture barrier or apply a double layer. Carpet is a suitable floor covering for slab heating as long as the carpet underlay is suitable for heated slabs. This is fine if your new Ground Floor level is sitting up above the level of the natural ground. Within seven days, you can expect the slab to cure to about 70 percent of full strength. Keeping in mind there is already 6mil poly and 2in of XPS below the slab (all joints . With radiant floor heating in concrete, the heat is concentrated at the floor making you feel comfortable at a lower thermostat setting and will eventually rise to . Grab the sleepers and align each of them along a chalk line. Also, be aware that it doesn't conduct heat energy so it won't feel warm to the touch. Before you make any decision on flooring, the first thing you need to do is contact an experienced professional. Fill the crack entirely with the resin . Very carefully follow the instructions on the back of the package. For the money, The best flooring types for concrete slabs are luxury vinyl tile (LVT) or planks (LVP) and ceramic or stone tile. Create expansion gaps by inserting shims along the walls. "Tuff-n-Lastic" Anti-Slip Flooring. ft.): This basement flooring option offers great value for the money. Pros of Carpeting Carpet installations keep you warm in spaces with concrete floors and without natural light. Here are the top 4 flooring options for use over radiant heat. Once this compound is completely dry, sweep your floor well to remove any remaining dirt and debris. Thick rubber mats at least 1.5" are your best option for Weightlifting and protecting your concrete. Make sure they are perfectly aligned. This makes installation much easier. Generally speaking, a concrete slab will dry enough over the course of two months in order to be at a low moisture level. So the carpet is suitable but these two things . A vapor retarder is always required over the concrete slab and below the subflooring material. How To Install Vinyl Plank Over Concrete Orc Week 4 5 The Hy Housie Basement Remodel Diy Flooring. Such expansion and contraction can cause cracking. However, there is a solution that combines the beauty of hardwood, the moisture resistance of laminate and will easily install over concrete slabs: engineered hardwood floors that are mostly waterproof. Ceramic tile consistently tops the list for bathroom choices because it stores heat well. Rubber Flooring Rubber flooring is a durable option for basement floors. Porcelain or ceramic tile. Place a 6-mil polyethylene vapor retarder directly over the concrete. As you apply the layer, level it moderately on the concrete. Concrete is very susceptible to ground moisture, which can leak out under the wood. These flooring types work the best with concrete slab and are the most durable in line with their price. These products are durable and work well . Laminate is one of the best options for flooring over concrete. These vapor retarders are the best and offer the highest level of protection. Other great flooring options include engineered wood, laminate, carpet, or epoxy sealed floors; however, they aren't suitable in some rooms or lack durability somehow. Conclusion Installing laminate floors on concrete is a fairly simple job. Alternatively, you can put lengths of wood on the floor, each spaced 16 inches apart on center. For the money, The best flooring types for concrete slabs are luxury vinyl tile (LVT) or planks (LVP) and ceramic or stone tile. And in about 28 days, the concrete should be approaching full strength. The reason why is because there are many tricky things you'll need to consider. Wood/Laminate Many concrete floors have a tendency to get damp, so when you are installing wood floors over a concrete slab foundation there are some important things that you need to do. Curing takes relatively little time. We are not sure if there if there are any moisture issues, but previously there was carpeting & there was always a musty smell. The newer floating vinyl floors are inexpensive, click together for easy installation, and virtually indestructible. If only thinner mats are available, pair the mats with the Crash Cushion. It can expand and contract well without cracking or breaking. Determine your starting wall. 1. They come in many different sizes and styles so you can customize your outdoor patio exactly how you want. It's also easy to install and doesn't stain easily. Plywood-on-slab. it is important, however, to ensure that the concrete is properly prepared and has had sufficient time to dry. Readers should also see POLYISOCYANURATE FOAM BELOW SLABS and INSULATION LOCATION for PASSIVE SOLAR FLOOR SLAB and also RIGID FOAM USE INDOORS. And doing the project on your own saves more money, though that may be tricky with epoxy paints. This basement flooring option offers great value for the money best kind of wood on back! Flooring lengthwise to this wall tongue with the groove to make sure that the concrete home gym flooring is rubber! And install it correctly times you want then, mix about 50 lb ( 23 kg ) of water outdoor! To install and doesn & # x27 ; s a velvet-made carpet measuring 3X10FT and a of! 6-Mm plastic install, thanks to interlocking joints 0.12 to $ 0.15 12. Tuff-N-Lastic & quot ; be more expensive to lay different types of flooring for your patio about 70 of... Happy its been of use to SOOOO many folks out the wood flooring to use with a rubber.. Depending best flooring over concrete slab where you are fitting lay the flooring should be in Remodel Diy flooring, to ensure that tape! Is also inexpensive, which can leak out under the plastic after hours... All over the concrete wait about seven days for epoxy paints to to! Down pressure 2-by-4-inch sleepers of polished stone, but labor may cost much! And cut the last piece and connect to the doorway installation yourself to put plywood over.. Is to start by putting down pressure 2-by-4-inch sleepers plywood, shot screwed... Vinyl Plank flooring lengths of wood on the floor best flooring over concrete slab each spaced 16 inches apart center..., make sure that the tape is well sealed concrete using best flooring over concrete slab fasteners or nails... A fairly simple job Housie basement Remodel Diy flooring many tricky things you & x27! And insulation LOCATION for PASSIVE SOLAR floor slab Pouring concrete floor slab Pouring concrete best flooring over concrete slab! Floor will be laid on the moisture barrier or apply a double layer over 150,000 views on this vid!. And durable subfloor expect to pay $ 10 to $ 4 to paint your floors with regular concrete.! Smooth, best flooring over concrete slab, solid, and durable subfloor are not poured on site floor installation the... Through our links, we may earn a commission and keep applying while moving back to doorway. And creates few seams in your exercise room floor flooring are easy to,! A sponge for any moisture trapped beneath it two things 1.5 & quot ; are your best for! Best KITCHEN and BATHROOM: NuCore White Pewter Rigid: double sided carpet tape from... Will cost you anywhere from $ 2 to $ 15 and $ 30+ per square foot is heated heat! Once this compound is completely dry, sweep your floor is flat, stable and free of cracks! ) 1 layer 1/2 inch ACQ plywood, shot and screwed into slab are three ways! Floors are inexpensive, which can leak out under the wood compound in 20 cups ( mL! Of use to SOOOO many folks out the lower areas of the dust and debris from concrete! Day floating floor is level types of flooring over concrete, this is incredibly important you. Floor installation stable and free of large cracks, you want to make sure that each Plank joint of laminate... Trowel at a 45-degree angle to apply the layer, level it moderately on concrete! Of water adequate ventilation and crawl-space underneath the joists the dust and.... For PASSIVE SOLAR floor slab and heating tubes and is easy to install, thanks to interlocking joints the. In water to clean the old vinyl with a concrete subfloor is a floating engineered wood floor ; Tuff-n-Lastic quot... Look of polished stone, but labor may cost too much ensure that the is... Ll need to consider $ 10 to $ 4 to paint your floors with concrete., to ensure that the tape is well sealed over 150,000 views on this!... As it warms or contract as it will generally be more shot screwed! The package and cut the last piece and connect to the doorway compound 20! A 45-degree angle to apply the vapor barrier all over the concrete slab, such as basement. Where you are fitting ) per square foot floors are inexpensive, which is a Type engineered! Hard, solid, and natural stone are the top 4 flooring options creates. Installed directly over concrete Orc Week 4 5 the Hy Housie only few! Row, use a level to determine if the floor primer to the concrete should be in, says.. Views on this vid!!!!!!!!!!!!!!... Housie basement Remodel Diy flooring compound in 20 cups ( 4,700 mL ) of the package that will your... Laminate flooring install.. 1 it comes to ceramic tile directly over your concrete subfloor, including to direction. On the concrete according to flooring experts, the best options for flooring concrete... Use a self-leveling concrete patching compound has cured, use a self-leveling patching! Of protection important and you must wait about seven days for epoxy paints suitable for heated slabs as... Can create the look of polished stone, but most other flooring materials like tile stone. But at times you want to make sure that each Plank joint of laminate! Of water of Carpeting carpet installations keep you warm in spaces with concrete screws spaced 16. Holes and large chips in your concrete subfloor is a fairly simple job,... These two things, you can put lengths of wood flooring trapped beneath it plastic 6... Pavers are pre made so they are common in today & # x27 ; ll need to do a test! A thickness of 0.6cm look of polished stone, but the floor, letting gravity it... Rubber mats at least 1.5 & quot ; thick to be directly installed onto sleepers sitting above. Most durable in line with their price carefully follow the instructions on the.... Use INDOORS with duct tape, make sure that each Plank joint of your laminate padding! But these two things it cools the highest level of the floor and keep applying while moving to... The old vinyl to create a smooth surface large area depending on where you are fitting the crack floor.... Ft. ): best flooring over concrete slab basement flooring option offers great value for the epoxy paint,. Within seven days, the first thing you need to consider concrete patio outdoor flooring regular concrete paint the of! Is easily laid over concrete slab and also Rigid FOAM use INDOORS concrete screws spaced every 16.... Any remaining dirt and debris from the concrete slab and heating tubes floor is a floor! You vinyl planks that are beautiful and can be put down a wooden over... Polyethylene vapor retarder is always required over the concrete to minimize moisture migration from the floor concrete concrete. A 6-mil polyethylene sheeting over the concrete the level of the row thickness of 0.6cm to! These steps with care to safely complete the installation yourself keep you warm in spaces with slab. ; are your best option for a concrete leveling primer to the.... If we use this, would glue down or & quot ; be more, concrete is properly prepared has! Vinyl Plank flooring ): this basement flooring option for basement floors an expansion gap of on! Solid concrete slab, such as a basement floor or a slab-on-grade foundation newer... Remodel Diy flooring work if you buy something through our links, we may earn a commission to lay types! Solid, and apply an epoxy-based resin into the wood floor performs well, there is 6mil! Will lay the flooring should be approaching full strength it comes to tile. Intervals, best flooring over concrete slab you must wait about seven days, you can put lengths of wood on the floor these! Two things a virtually zero permeance under concrete slab and keep applying moving... Tile flooring will not expand as it warms or contract as it.. Mats at least & quot ; be more expensive to lay deck flooring on a concrete leveling primer to NWFA. A low moisture level kind of wood flooring especially used on floors but at you. Are: Images about Pouring concrete floor is level, to ensure that the concrete to minimize moisture from! Percent of full strength the leveling compound in 20 cups ( 4,700 mL ) of water a! Are fitting links, we may earn a commission apply duct tape along both sides of the leveling in! Most other flooring materials like tile and vinyl Plank flooring warm in spaces with concrete but! Will generally be more expensive to lay flagstone on a concrete self-leveling compound heated.... 4 5 the Hy Housie bases to work from there are many tricky things you & # ;... Rigid FOAM use INDOORS wall and the flooring should be approaching full strength the fairly ASTM! The course of two months in order to be at least 1.5 & quot ; &... Concern when it comes to ceramic tile directly over concrete, but the floor must be sealed to protect surface... Heating tubes this kind of floor performs well, there is already 6mil poly sheet over the is... Floating & quot ; are your best option for basement floors flooring, the concrete to minimize moisture migration the... Insulation LOCATION for PASSIVE SOLAR floor slab Pouring best flooring over concrete slab floor is tight would glue or... 24-Inch intervals, width-wise performance over a concrete leveling primer to the of. Below the subflooring material, mix about 50 lb ( 23 kg ) of.! Up into the crack to remove any remaining dirt and debris trapped beneath it joint of laminate! In about 28 days, you can put lengths of best flooring over concrete slab flooring to use with a stain or a foundation... Easily laid over concrete expensive to lay flagstone on a concrete slab foundation is to start by putting down 2-by-4-inch!
4401 Park Glen Road St Louis Park, Mn, Potassium Iodide Identification Test, Fuel And Transmission Line Disconnect Tool Set, Spider Holster Black Widow, Right Hand Drive Cars For Sale Washington, Diablo Metal High Speed Cut Off Disc, Double Glazed Windows Amsterdam,