David Scott drops a hammer and feather on the Moon, 1. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the University of Hawaii pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts[158] while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. Experimental efforts included scientific and technical investigations of nuclear energy for spaceflight propulsion, nuclear power systems, and radiation exposure. Moon-landing conspiracists claim that observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope should be able to photograph the landing sites. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. On the demolition front, although Plum Brook has torn down 18 buildings and structures since 2012 reducing the annual maintenance costs in the process there is still a backlog of repairs Glenn has put off at the Sandusky campus because it does not have the roughly $55 million it would cost to undertake them, according to the IG. In May 2008, JAXA reported detecting the "halo" generated by the Apollo 15 Lunar Module engine exhaust from a Terrain Camera image. The center completed the effort with the demolition of the H Control Building, K Sites control building, and the J5 hortonsphere in late 2012. SpaceX testing Falcon 9's carbon fibre fairing in a vacuum chamber at Plum Brook Station. The Moon rocks also share the same traits as Soviet samples.[169]. The entire process ultimately cost $253 million, significantly more than the inflation-adjusted cost of constructing the facility.[4]. Rep. Kaptur introduced the legislation on a bipartisan basis alongside Rep. Anthony Gonzalez (R-OH). It's home to the antenna that received the first images of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon. These were announced in January and September 1970,[31] two full years before the "late 1972" claimed by Sibrel. Plum Brook Station is the 2590 hectare (6400 acre) field station of NASA Glenn Research Center. NASA demolished the Liquid Hydrogen Pump Facility (A Site), the Turbopump Facility (C Site), Hydraulics Laboratory (F Site), and the Fluorine Pump Facility (I Site) in late summer and fall of 2009. While the LRO images have been enjoyed by the scientific community as a whole, they have not done anything to convince conspiracists that the landings happened. [166], China's second lunar probe, Chang'e 2, which was launched in 2010, can photograph the lunar surface with a resolution of up to 7m (23ft). [123] Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. in 2005. Four mission-worthy Lunar Roving Vehicles (LRV) were built by Boeing. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. [113] Parkes had a bigger antenna than NASA's antenna in Australia at the Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, so it received a better picture. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high. [163] Photos of the Apollo 12 landing site were released by NASA on September 3, 2009. In 1985 the Office of Management and Budget recommended that NASA relinquish control of Plum Brook Station. Plum Brooks newest addition, the Combined Effects Chamber, which was designed to simulate the conditions found on the surface of the Moon or Mars, had never been used. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. Short-exposure photo of the International Space Station (ISS) taken from Space Shuttle Atlantis in February 2008 during STS-122 one of many photos taken in space where no stars are visible, Earth and Mir in June 1995 an example of how sunlight can outshine the stars, making them invisible, Long-exposure photo taken from the Moon's surface by Apollo 16 astronauts using the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph. The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. This would have been an intolerable embarrassment to Mr. Kubrick, especially since the release of Dr. Strangelove. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. Page Last Updated: September 28, 2021, 21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-4000. Between 1975 and 1985, the researchers investigated several different configurations on the machine. [a][15] Folklorist Linda Dgh suggests that writer-director Peter Hyams' film Capricorn One (1978), which shows a hoaxed journey to Mars in a spacecraft that looks identical to the Apollo craft, might have given a boost to the hoax theory's popularity in the post-Vietnam War era. Various groups and individuals have made claims since the mid-1970s that NASA and others knowingly misled the public into believing the landings happened, by manufacturing, tampering with, or destroying evidence including photos, telemetry tapes, radio and TV transmissions, and Moon rock samples. "[35] In fact, NASA accounted for the cost of Apollo to the US Congress in 1973, totaling US$25.4 billion. [140][141] All of the deaths occurred at least 20 months before Apollo 11 and subsequent flights. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. Baron and his family were killed as their car was struck by a train at a train crossing. Layer by Layer: A Mexico City Culinary Adventure, Sacred Granaries, Kasbahs and Feasts in Morocco, Monster of the Month: The Hopkinsville Goblins, How to Grow a Dye Garden With Aaron Sanders Head, Paper Botanicals With Kate Croghan Alarcn, Writing the Food Memoir: A Workshop With Gina Rae La Cerva, Reading the Urban Landscape With Annie Novak, Making Scents: Experimental Perfumery With Saskia Wilson-Brown, Secret Nun Cookies at Monasterio del Corpus Christi, Wonder Is Everywhere: Civil War Gold, a New Moai, and More From Around the Web, The Woman Preserving the Endangered Cuisine of Indian Jews, How a Lone Researcher Faced Down Millions of Army Ants on the March in Ecuador, Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/testfacilities/index.html, https://www.portman.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=B692881D-A7BD-4FCC-BCE1-6083C79CB14F, https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/07/14/spacexs-first-space-worthy-crew-dragon-capsule-arrives-at-cape-canaveral/, https://spacenews.com/nasa-ig-scrutinizes-seldom-used-plum-brook-test-facilities/, https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/nasa-plum-brook-station-gearing-b-2-facility-future-upper-stage-lander-rocket-tests/. Furthermore, most are more than 200 million years older than the oldest Earth rocks. 1. See. [38] The counter-argument generally given is that NASA in fact did incur a great deal of public humiliation and potential political opposition to the program by losing an entire crew in the Apollo 1 fire during a ground test, leading to its upper management team being questioned by Senate and House of Representatives space oversight committees. Bart Sibrel cites the relative level of the United States and USSR space technology as evidence that the Moon landings could not have happened. Aside from NASA, a number of groups and individuals tracked the Apollo missions as they happened. It spotted traces of the Apollo landings. These include the Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility, which is like something from the wildest dreams of Spinal Tap. It was shut down 12 years later . The NASA Space Environmental Test (SET) Project is tasked to develop new environmental test facilities to support NASA's developing space exploration program. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. Page Editor: Robert Arrighi Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. Better signal was supposedly received at Parkes Observatory when the Moon was on the opposite side of the planet. Its walls are 2 feet thick to withstand the blast of powerful . Despite the undeniably impressive facilities at Plum Brook, the station has its problems. [174] Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. [20], Hoax theory debunker Phil Plait says in his 2002 book Bad Astronomy,[b] that the Soviets with their own competing Moon program, an extensive intelligence network and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data would have 'cried foul' if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing,[21] especially since their own program had failed. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. In addition, safety officials considered several sites to be hazards. [46][47] To date, nobody from the United States government or NASA linked to the Apollo program has said the Moon landings were hoaxes. [166][167] The Indian Space Research Organisation launched their uncrewed lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. Sandusky's Plum Brook Station is an annex to the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. NASA Glenn's Space Power Facility in Sandusky, Ohio, contains the world's largest space simulation chamber. Likewise, no commercial launch provider has yet come forward to fund the renovations necessary to make the B-2 usable.. Up to one photo per 50 seconds.[68]. The inspector general recommended NASA create a long-term strategy for either maintaining or disposing of underutilized infrastructure at Plum Brook. [182] Smaller retroreflectors were also put on the Moon by the Russians; they were attached to the uncrewed lunar rovers Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. The number of deaths within the American astronaut corps during the run-up to Apollo and during the Apollo missions is similar to the number of deaths incurred by the Soviets. According to James Longuski, the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. The steady reduction of NASAs budget in the late 1960s and early 1970s coincided with the agencys decision to develop the space shuttle. The fate of the other facilities will largely depend on the whims of politicians and humankinds continued desire to reach beyond our planet. [9][10] He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. [44] They show that NASA's portrayal of the Moon landing is fundamentally accurate, allowing for such common mistakes as mislabeled photos and imperfect personal recollections. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered despite there being no wind on the Moon. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Glenn Research Center (GRC) is leading the design and build of the new world-class vibroacoustic test capabilities at the NASA GRC's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, USA. The B-2 test facility is located at Plum Brook Station, in Sandusky, Ohio. BROOK PARK, Ohio NASA proposed a budget on Monday of $802.4 million for Glenn Research Center in fiscal 2021, down from an unofficial 2020 budget of $945 million. Dgh sees a parallel with other attitudes during the post-Watergate era, when the American public were inclined to distrust official accounts. Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. The war was one of several federal budget items with which NASA had to compete; NASA's budget peaked in 1966, and fell by 42% by 1972. Copies of those tapes have been found.[120]. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent. In a cavernous structure at NASA's Plum Brook Station near Lake Erie, a concrete chamber five stories high rises from the ground. The centers continued efforts to entice outside groups to utilize the inactive facilities remained ineffective. Its used for testing full-scale space hardware, including parts of rockets, Mars landers, and space stations. The first was a 100-kW experimental wind turbine at Plum Brook that Lewis researchers erected and operated. After Apollo 18 was canceled, the other LRV was used for spare parts for the Apollos 15 to 17 missions. Meanwhile, prospects are even worse for three of Plum Brooks other major testing facilities. Nevertheless, the claim was taken up in earnest;[144] Clyde Lewis used it almost word-for-word,[143] whereas Jay Weidner gave the brother a more senior status within the party: No one knows how the powers-that-be convinced Kubrick to direct the Apollo landings. Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. The center did not bring the Rocket Systems Area sites, which had fallen into disrepair during the interim, back online. NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. Original photo of Buzz Aldrin during Apollo 11, The more famous edited version. During the period 1961 to 1972, at least eight Soviet serving and former cosmonauts died: Additionally, the overall chief of their crewed-spaceflight program, Sergei Korolev, died while undergoing surgery in January 1966. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. In November 2006, COSMOS Online reported that about 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. The photo of the Apollo 14 landing site also shows tracks made by an astronaut between a science experiment (ALSEP) and the lander. [151][198] A poll conducted in the 1970s by the United States Information Agency in several countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa found that most respondents were unaware of the Moon landings, many of the others dismissed them as propaganda or science fiction, and many thought that it had been the Russians that landed on the Moon. [151] Oberg said that he meant to finish the book. The program demonstrated several technologies employed by large wind turbines today. Plum Brook Station facilities including Space Propulsion Research Facility (foreground) and Hypersonic Tunnel Facility (upper left), Plum Brook Station (Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility). In November 2004 the Dynamics Stand (E Stand) became the first to fall. The 'real landing' hypothesis is a single story since it comes from a single source, but there is no unity in the hoax hypothesis because hoax accounts vary between conspiracists.[45]. Only Plum Brooks Space Power Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber for testing full-scale space hardware, has a steady stream of customers lined up, according to the inspector general. 5. In 1961, NASA's Plum Brook Reactor Facility in Sandusy, Ohio went live, with a focus on researching nuclear-powered vehicles first airplanes, and then rockets. It has served a number of functions over the years, and some facilities have been decommissioned, including the Plum Brook Nuclear Reactor, which NASA once used for space-related nuclear energy research and development. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. The evidence was noticed by Misha Kreslavsky, of the Department of Geological Sciences at Brown University, and Yuri Shkuratov of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. . 2023 Atlas Obscura. Deep scars on the earth left by the Ice Age. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [41] In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see Space Race above). [163] The photos show the descent stage of the landers from each mission on the Moon's surface. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100km (62 miles) altitude. Jason Joey Berry, 39, of Montreal, Canada, pleaded guilty today to conspiracy to distribute fentanyl and import it into the United States, resulting in serious bodily injury and death. 2. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. [119] A crude, real-time scan conversion of the SSTV signal was done in Australia before it was broadcast worldwide. The job placement activities went well, but the attempts to elicit outside interest in Plum Brook failed. Lowry Digital president Mike Inchalik said that, "this is by far and away the lowest quality" video the company has dealt with. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor, [1] [2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50 mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. After that was cancelled in 1961, it became the primary NASA facility for space-related nuclear energy research and development. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. The combination of the Lewis Field and Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of land and include 450 research and test facilities. No evidence was offered for this theory, which overlooks many facts. In 1965, the United States started to achieve many firsts (such as the first successful space rendezvous), which were important steps in a mission to the Moon. [183], In a 1994 poll by The Washington Post, 9% of the respondents said that it was possible that astronauts did not go to the Moon and another 5% were unsure. Plum Brook is part of the Glenn Research Center, located some 80 kilometers east in Cleveland. [133][134] For example, in 1973, one year after the final Moon landing, the Xerox Alto was released. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. Some claim that the technology to send men to the Moon was lacking or that the Van Allen radiation belts, solar flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections and cosmic rays made such a trip impossible. The foremost idea is that the whole crewed landing program was a hoax from start to end. After a three-year search, the "inescapable conclusion" was that about 45 tapes (estimated 15 tapes recorded at each of the three tracking stations) of Apollo 11 video were erased and re-used, said Nafzger. Many computers at the time were very large despite poor specs. ), Conspiracy theorists claim that NASA faked the landings to avoid humiliation and to ensure that it continued to get funding. This would have allowed for only a small number of people to actually know the truth about faking the Moon landings.[49]. [23] Indeed their article on space exploration describes the Apollo 11 landing as "the third historic event" of the space age, following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and Yuri Gagarin's flight in 1961. Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick is accused of having produced much of the footage for Apollos 11 and 12, presumably because he had just directed 2001: A Space Odyssey, which is partly set on the Moon and featured advanced special effects. To broadcast the pictures to regular television, a scan conversion had to be done. It was also used to shoot some scenes from the 2012 Marvel movie The Avengers. A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. Other Federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigations, and the Department of the Interior, set up offices in the empty Engineering Building. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. The sites, which had been exposed to the elements for years, were beyond restoration. Last used in 1998 to test the upper stage of Boeings ill-fated Delta 3 launch vehicle, B-2s steam ejection system which has been broken for years needs $15 million worth of repairs before the chamber can properly simulate high-altitude conditions required for engine tests, according to the IG. Cropped photo of Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag (the fingers of Aldrin's right hand can be seen behind his helmet), Cropped photo taken a few seconds later, Buzz Aldrin's hand is down, head turned toward the camera, the flag is unchanged, Animation of the two photos, showing that though Armstrong's camera moved between exposures, the flag is not waving. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. [191][192][193] In 2009, a poll held by the United Kingdom's Engineering & Technology magazine found that 25% of those surveyed did not believe that men landed on the Moon. There are identical backgrounds in photos which, according to their captions, were taken miles apart. In December 2015, a video surfaced which allegedly shows Kubrick being interviewed shortly before his 1999 death; the video purportedly shows the director confessing to T. Patrick Murray that the Apollo Moon landings had been faked. On this page: Plum Brook Station Closure Standby Years Demolition of the Sites [186] This Fox special is seen as having promoted the hoax claims. Activities at the reactor were terminated immediately, and the other facilities would shut down by fiscal year 1974. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility (formerly known as Plum Brook Station) is part of NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agencys Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget line reserved for building, maintaining and demolishing infrastructure. In 2007 the Cryogenic Components Laboratory replaced K Site. In terms of astronaut/cosmonaut time, the USSR had 534 hours of crewed spaceflight whereas the United States had 1,992 hours. 7. Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. One of the old tapes has been sent to NASA for analysis. 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