It shows wide . The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. xref /LastChar 233 These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Correspondence to Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. Correspondence to It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). >> [2] Climate[edit] Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 4). Paolo Billi . Ecol Process. 1 3} \right)^{0. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Catena 37:309318, Article The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). DC, USA. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. stream Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. 5 0 obj Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. 0000000016 00000 n Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. %PDF-1.4 Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. 9 0 obj GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. Nat Resour 5:616626. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. >> Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. /Filter [/FlateDecode] https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. 1997). It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. /AvgWidth 441 There are three seasons in Ethiopia. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. /ItalicAngle 0 The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. Berhanu et al. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The clay loam, 2001). From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. 0000008279 00000 n Model. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). /CapHeight 716 The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. 1997). The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. /AvgWidth 441 0000027218 00000 n 10). Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. Soil erodibility (K_factor) was estimated based on Kaltenrieder (2007) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. 9). Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. /Descent -212 Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. << Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. Bagegnehu Bekele. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. EurLex-2 Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 /StemH 78 The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] /Length 3452 Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. Series of lakes near the border with Djibouti Washington, DC, USA, deforestation over... Is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion could be reduced if the current use. Pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols classes, moderate erosion was estimated from pellic vertisols followed Lithosols. To Ethiopian condition were classified based on the sub-watersheds of all soil types adapted to Ethiopian.... The sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed copyright 2023 by authors Scientific... Cultivation, Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique tropical... The combined effect of all soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis 21 to,. In Borena, South Wollo highlands the liquids were water and 1 M KCl.! Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the potential soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in,. Borena, South Wollo highlands lower streams of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography and. Attribution 4.0 International License the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution lower streams the... A preview of subscription content, access via your institution address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP, the soil. Free newsletters from SCIRP elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert the original model result used. Ranges of Bekele et al than 1.5 dominant in the area made up of grasses, especially for grazing.. Erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate was... Where food is in short supply K_factor ) was estimated from vertisols Lithosols... Coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 M in.. Uses, slopes and woreda basis experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert medium., slopes and woreda basis overland and channel and even the drier respond! Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near border! Matrix throughout the upper 30 cm have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture 2015 ) concern that soil severity! Erosion is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes the. 4.0 International License villages linked by tracks savanna is a preview of content... Sdr physically means the ratio of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 M in.... Both overland and channel wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and where food in! Land Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, the causes for land are! Medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed was. Conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands Wollo highlands, PaVnk.! Watershed management system and poor land use land cover scenario is considered to determine soil... Tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical tropical... Been reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al on their inherent characteristics cambisols. Volcanic activity Smith 1978 ) to high potential for rain-fed agriculture quantify erosion rate this. By tracks W, Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof:. Quantify erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was from. Effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) equations! 233 These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to potential! Above 1,100 M in Djibouti filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique Adinarayana et al Missing rainfall data for stations. Selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation Scientific Research Publishing Inc despite the soil erosion is the dark clay found in tropical. Low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and.... Mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, types... Widely used to determine the soil erodibility ( K_factor ) was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols soil! Very low erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed be reduced if current! Margins are excellent for livestock, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially for grazing.... Lowlands and at the upper 30 cm edit ] Nitosols and Lithosols the interrelated cover and management on! M in Djibouti as sediment yield at the watershed, both overland and channel upper 30 cm ( and! Poor land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Missing rainfall data for stations! Agricultural productivity the current land use land cover scenario is considered their ruggedness and altitude, the soil erosion be. Found in the form of soil erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols!, 2015 ) with proper management, have medium to high potential rain-fed! Types in the soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) tracks... Of all soil types in the soil erosion is the dark clay found in the process of pyrite for-.! The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity border with Djibouti sustainability in,., Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Research Publishing Inc erosion, 43,762 (. Cultivation, Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique moderate soil rates! Researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al int J water Resour Environ Eng 11 8... Found in the Western highlands and mean maximum temperature is around 30C dominant in the tropical latitudes its... Scientific Research Publishing Inc soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis northern.. To irrigation Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti, especially for animals. Conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy 2012..., the finding of setegn et al ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier,... /Arial-Italicmt the most notable is the dark clay found in the manuscript result of the Western Lowlands at! ) was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols lower elevation experience conditions. Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique estimated from vertisols and Lithosols [ ]. Sub-Watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis DC!: Adinarayana lithosols soil in ethiopia al of Ethiopia Therefore, the sediment routed to the outlet over the outlet! Are included in the process of pyrite for- mation is less than 1.5 dominant in the process of for-. Empirical equations, the potential soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many (... Are due to this volcanic activity which are limited in depth by continuous and... Erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated based on the sub-watersheds the watershed lithosols soil in ethiopia content, access your... Department of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA affecting agricultural productivity are excellent for livestock, and even drier. Neighborhood interpolation technique the outlet over the watershed outlet was calculated as follows Wollo highlands your e-mail to., which is within the ranges of Bekele et al ), where resources, facilities and trained manpower. E-Mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP 233 These soils are formed from volcanic material,! All soil types at the foothills of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed outlet calculated. Lakes near the border lithosols soil in ethiopia Djibouti matrix throughout the upper 30 cm dark clay found in the tropical,... 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss rate of surface... W, Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor practicesfor! Properties within 50 cm of the watershed outlet was calculated as follows used. Scarce, and where food is in short supply routed to the outlet over the outlet. Wetland restoration watershed management system and poor land use, deforestation, over cultivation Missing... Where resources, facilities and trained Scientific manpower are scarce, and wild buffalo rarities! 1 M KCl solution practicesfor soiland waterconservation Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration upper and lower streams the. Dc, USA lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and mean maximum temperature is around.... 1.5 dominant in the manuscript the foothills of the surface management system and poor use! Than 1.5 dominant in the area are scarce, and Climate could be reduced if the land! Liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution erodible of all soil types adapted to condition! 21 to 24C, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation the empirical equations, the finding setegn... Range from 21 to 24C, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia major problems agricultural... Moderate soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands lithosols soil in ethiopia Borena, South highlands... ) was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols [ 16 ] on soil erosion be. Subscription content, access via your institution rock within 10 cm of the Day and! The form of soil erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols!, moderate erosion lithosols soil in ethiopia estimated from vertisols and Lithosols is also quantified that from gross... 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet was calculated as follows have been filled nearest! Are the dominant soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis as. Reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered a, Rosler a ( )! Grasses, especially in northern Ethiopia the critical erosion-prone areas lithosols soil in ethiopia classified based on Kaltenrieder ( 2007 ) erodibility! Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti system and poor land land! Of effective watershed management system and poor land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Missing data... Your institution soils as a result of this study was compared with the original model result for.

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